“Habit is a great deadener”. In what ways does Waiting for Godot illustrate this idea? Essay

Habit and routine form an important part of the play Waiting for Godot, by Samuel Beckett. The play, a famous product of the ‘Theatre of the Absurd’, is characterized by a circular structure which doesn’t lead anywhere, repetitive dialogue and a general absurdity. It witnesses two men, Vladimir and Estragon, who spend the entire two acts waiting for Godot. The routines they develop throughout the play are mainly a result of their attempts to pass the time. Habits such as fiddling with objects and telling stories become part of their routine and seem like a good way to get through the waiting. However, as Vladimir himself says, â€Å"habit is a great deadener† (Beckett 105) and eventually their habits deaden them. The term â€Å"deadener† implies that the habits make the characters even more bored and that instead of helping them, they lead to their downfall and make their lives even more meaningless. This essay will discuss the habits developed by the various characters and explore whether they indeed illustrate the idea of habits being a deadener. Through this, it will also discuss what Beckett is trying to prove about habit in human life in general. One habit that is developed in Waiting for Godot by both Estragon and Pozzo is fiddling with objects. This habit is portrayed mainly through the stage directions and is therefore visual action instead of words. Estragon uses objects such as his boot in order to pass time. â€Å"Silence. Estragon is fiddling with his boot again† (Beckett 37). In this stage direction, Beckett places Estragon’s fiddling within a silence which shows how he tries to fill the void by playing with his boot. This habit is formed out of boredom and therefore designed to relieve it. Through this, Beckett seems to be commenting on how human beings rely on habits in order to give their lives meaning and security. However, instead of making life more interesting, the repeated fiddling only reinforces the monotony in the play making the characters even more bored. Pozzo on the other hand fiddles mostly with his watch, â€Å"cuddling his watch to his ear [†¦] he puts his watch back in his pocket† (Beckett 37). He repeatedly takes his watch out, consults it, puts it away, and gets it out again in a very routinely manner. He does not only do this to pass the time; it is also a way for him to prove his superiority through the material objects he owns. It is important for him to continuously assert his power and position. However, instead of giving him power, this habit eventually contributes to his downfall. In the second act, Pozzo becomes blind and loses all his power. A second way for Pozzo to prove his power and seek attention is by performing which also becomes habitual. At several occasions, Pozzo takes on another role and starts performing in order to entertain the others and become the centre of attention. He usually performs dramatic monologues, â€Å"tirelessly torrents of red and white light it begins to lose its effulgence† (Beckett 38). This sentence clearly shows his eloquent diction chosen to impress his audience and again prove his superiority. The varied syntax of this particular speech, ranging from complicated poetic sentences to short crude phrases, makes it interesting to his audience and shows how he is indeed acting. Every time he takes on a role, he ensures that everyone is paying attention to him because that is his ultimate goal. Routines are a way for people to define themselves by what they habitually do. But again, this habit turns out to be a deadener which is illustrated by Pozzo’s sudden change of status in the second act. Suddenly he is blind and no one pays attention to him anymore. He repeatedly asks for help but no one responds and this proves how his habits deadened him. A similar habit to that of performing is telling stories. It is one of the first habits to be introduced in the play and is again a way for them to fill the time. In the beginning of the play, Vladimir attempts to tell his first story, but Estragon repeatedly interrupts him: â€Å"two thieves, crucified at the same time as Our Saviour. One – / our what?† (Beckett 6). This habit is almost an immediate deadener as it fails to achieve its goal of passing time and giving them something to do. Estragon’s interruptions undermine Vladimir’s capabilities as a story teller and turn the stories into meaningless, circular debates. Instead of storytelling becoming a routine to give their lives meaning, it becomes a reinforcement of the meaninglessness of their existence proving that they aren’t going anywhere. None of the routines or habits they develop is helping. They are in fact doing the opposite and making their situation worse. They are still stuck waitin g for Godot and always will be. Waiting in itself could be considered as a deadening habit. It is definitely the dominating habit in the play as they are continuously waiting. The phrase â€Å"we’re waiting for Godot† (Beckett 51), which also inspires the title, is the most repeated sentence in the entire play. The fact that it is repeated so many times shows how desperate and meaningless their situation has become. The repetition of the phrase emphasises its importance to the overall play because even though it is very simple, it sums up the entirety of the play. This habit is arguably the most deadening of all as it prevents them from leaving and going on with their lives. It forces them to stay put and thereby takes all the meaning out of their existence, diminishing them to mere spectators rather than participators in life. A final habit that Estragon and Vladimir develop is that of staying together. In staying together, they attempt to avoid the insecurity of being lonely and try to use each other to confirm that their lives do have meaning. â€Å"I felt lonely†, says Vladimir when Estragon falls asleep (Beckett 10). This simple sentence is the very essence of why they develop the habit of staying together. Even though Estragon is physically there, Vladimir has no one to talk to anymore and this agitates him. They need each other even if they don’t always get along in order to confirm each other’s existence. At the slightest threat of being left alone, they panic and therefore stay together as a matter of necessity. The above quotation invokes pathos in the audience as they realise how strong their reliance is upon one another and therefore how low they have sunk as individuals. They are trying to avoid insecurity through their habits, but Beckett is implying that this is impossible and that habits will lead to monotony and insignificance in your life. Instead of profiting from each other, staying together prevents them from moving forward and thereby deadens them. Habit is indeed a deadener and Waiting for Godot illustrates this in numerous ways. All four characters in the play have been deadened by their habits and instead of their routine saving them, they caused their downfall. It seems as if Beckett is trying to illustrate how habit affects people in reality. It is unavoidable as human beings to develop habits. It is almost like a natural mechanism in order for us to avoid absurdity in life. However, Beckett implies, one has to accept absurdity as it is part of life. Habits won’t give us the security we need, they will only bring monotony and eventual deadening to our lives as happened in Waiting for Godot. This play is obviously part of absurdist theatre and therefore an exaggeration, however Beckett seems to be relating it to real life to a certain extent. He seems to be advising to prevent from developing habits and instead accept the randomness that unavoidably accompanies life. Work cited: Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. Grove Press: New York, 1982.

Peer Event Management

Peer Events Management Head: Saadaan Peerzada Brief Introduction: A leading event management company of Pakistan, Peer Events Management has promoted the products of numerous top Multi-National Companies through non-media communication across Pakistan. Peer Events Management's creative approach is complemented by the largest inventory of sound and light equipment and trained personnel.We have solid experience in organizing diverse commercial events like product launches and re-launches, branded activities in schools, clubs, restaurants, road shows and in-house company programs. We at the Peer Events Management are confident of our capacity to create the extravaganza. We have the credentials to manage all aspects of creative conceptualization along with efficient execution and organization on mass-scale. Peer Events Management can offer you, the client, one project management team, one cohesive focus.We are unique in the industry since we can provide full event management services thr ough our extensive in-house capabilities and our proven network of strategic partners. From the development of initial logistical and creative requirements, through the actual production and management of events, we are the only partner you will need Peer Event Management utilizes state-of-the art equipment and techniques and its professionally staffed.Peer Events Management is Pakistan’s leader in specialist state, set, fabrication, product launches, road shows, concerts, fashion shows, annual conferences, Peer Event Management and creativity and innovation, deliver the talent and take care of the full production, from high tech sound and lighting systems to cleanup and gives a special blend of experience, technical expertise and creative energy. History: With over 25 years of experience in the art of science of building sets for touring road shows, cinema , television, music videos, mega events all over Pakistan.Our reputation as been earned by turning some of the most adve nturous stage set concepts into practical and economical realities. The diverse list of nation wide clients proves that there is an ever increasing motion control technology. Members: Salmaan Peerzada: Salmaan Peerzada studied History, Economics and Philosophy at the University of the Punjab and also appeared in some highly successful productions of the Government College Dramatic club. He directed plays and gained much distinction for his work which included â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream†, â€Å"Blood Wedding†, â€Å"Biography† and â€Å"Picnic†.He entered the film industry as a Camera Assistant, but then turned to acting. He went to England in 1964 and throughout the sixties and seventies he played a number of prominent roles in UK Films and television series and plays. Most notable amongst these were the popular TV series â€Å"Emergency Ward 10† and â€Å"Twisted Nerves†, a Boulting Brothers film in which he co-starred with Hailey Mills and â€Å"A Private Enterprise†, a highly successful feature film directed by Peter Smith in which Salmaan played the lead. On the death of his father he returned to Pakistan and founded the Rafi Peer Theatre Workshop in his memory.He directed several highly successful productions for the workshop including plays of Rafi Peer. He played the lead role in â€Å"Blood of Hussain† winner of the Prize of the Nations at Taormina, and shortly afterwards wrote and directed â€Å"Maila† for channel 4 television UK. He has just finished a major international feature film â€Å"Zargul† which he wrote and directed and which is now on international release. Producer Usmaan Peerzada: Executive ProducerUsmaan was a Student at Government College Lahore 1967 – 74, Secretary, Government College Dramatic Society, Master in English Literature.Awarded best actor of the year 1971 at the Najam-ud-Din Drama Festival, Kinnaird College, Lahore. Organized and acted in the U SIS Repertory Theatre Company, 1974. During the 1975-76, he played the lead in the 1st Pakistani English language film produced and directed by Senator Javaid Jabbar â€Å"Beyond the Last Mountain†. Starred in the 1st Pakistani co-production with Sri Lanka 1976-77 â€Å"Sazish†. Starred in a Sri Lanka/Italian/French co- production â€Å"Seeta Devi†, an international film and shot on location in Sri Lanka, Maldives and Australia.During the period 1977-79, he worked in Pakistan Film Industry as an actor. Usmaan is one of the top billing stars on Pakistan TV and is also a documentary filmmaker. He also worked on UNICEF projects in advisory capacity as a film journalist. In 1985, 1st Peer Films film â€Å"Nazdikian† was produced. â€Å" Nazdikian† was a new concept of low budget film in Pakistan. Film bagged over 17 awards and 4 national film awards including the Best Film of the year 1986. In 1989, he wrote, directed and produced a mega star Punjabi f ilm called â€Å"Gori Dyan Jhanjran† which did remarkable business on box office. Gori Dyan Jhanjaran† won 6 national awards given by the Government of Pakistan including the Best Film of the year 1990, which is an all time record in the history of the National Awards. Since 1990, he has been involved in creating a modern video/film studio with latest technology. He wrote, produced, directed and acted in one of the most commercially successful Tele-drama 13 part serial â€Å"SOFIA† for TV. In 1997 he directed â€Å"QARZ† which got 14 nominations for national film award. He is also involved in producing and directing 90 minute Tele-films. Imraan Peerzada:Imraan Peerzada is a graduate of the Punjab University and has studied design at National College of the Arts for 2 years. He was studied fashion and product photography at Parsons Schools of Art, New York (U. S. A). Imraan is presently doing his Masters in Cinematography and Video from U. C. L. A. , Califo rnia, U. S. A. He has also been very active on stage and produced, directed and acted in many plays during the period 1981-88. He has contributed as a writer by writing 25 plays for children which have been staged and also produced as television serials.Produced 25 audio cassettes of folk tales for children and has written columns for different newspapers on various subjects and also worked as photo journalist. Photographed covers and major fashion spreads for all leading Karachi magazines (1985-90). He is an Associate Member of the Multiracial Theatre in Washington D. C. He has worked extensively as an actor for televison, radio and stage and acted as the leading star in â€Å"ZARGUL† a Peer Films feature film. Imraan Peerzada is presently working on various stage projects and 90 minutes independent televison dramas.Saadaan Peerzada: Producer Puppeteer, Mime Artist, Producer, Executive Director of Peer Group, chairman of the International Puppet Festival Pakistan, Strategist in various Departments of the company i. e. Finance Management, Administration, Strategic Marketing and Human Resource Management Saadaan is the master-mind providing the structure on which dreams are woven. Currently he is involved in creating a private production of puppet programs for television. Other than his artistic prowess, Saadaan Peerzada is the driving force behind Rafi Peer Theatre Workshop.The success of Rafi Peer Theatre Workshop is to a large extent due to the business acumen, energy and foresight of Saadaan Peerzada who is its Executive Director. Saadaan Peerzada is also the founder/creator of the Puppet Theatre Division of Rafi Peer Theatre Workshop, which today has the distinction of being not only among the first but also the best of the puppet theatre groups in Pakistan. As a puppet manipulator par excellence and with much sensitivity Saadaan has played several dozen characters on stage with Rafi Peer Theatre Workshop. His main experience is in art developing pr ojects.Right from inception, he designs, organizes and structures. He has prepared several outstanding concepts and conducted them very successfully. He designed and performed in a solo Clown and Magic Show and toured with puppets all over Pakistan. This was over a period of several years and the show was very successful with more than two thousand productions. Faizaan Peerzada: Producer and director Born in Lahore, Pakistan, The son of Pakistan’s foremost playwright Rafi Peer, Faizaan began his career at Rafi Peer Theatre Workshop in 1977, which he now heads as its Artistic Director.He has experience in organizing cross-cultural events that the company has arranged with over a thousand different programs for children as well as adults all over the country. Some of these shows are pioneering efforts in the upcoming history of the performing arts in Pakistan. Faizaan Peerzada has worked with dedication for several years designing programs to develop children's minds by making them aware of the visual arts, as well as providing opportunities for them to participate in the performing arts.These programs include child art festivals, art workshops, and live art demonstrations with children. He specially designed programs to celebrate the International Year of the Child in 1979 spread over the entire year, including three major art festivals in which at least 35,000 children participated in a span of six months. Faizaan Peerzada is a puppeteer with distinction and has been awarded the President’s medal for the Pride of Performance. He has performed regularly in all the major towns of Pakistan and in many cities abroad.The puppets have also given a sense of achievement to Faizaan as an artist both for stage and television. He has created more than 2500 puppets for an assortment of puppet plays, and has produced over one hundred TV puppet shows as a director as well as the stage and puppet designer. He has also traveled internationally on over 7 major in ternational tours and festivals with various productions. Another major step in the development of the puppetry art form is the setting of the museum of puppets in Lahore, of which Faizaan is the Project Director. This museum will be the first of its kind across South Asia.Faizaan has been the integral driving force in creating fifteen International Festivals of Puppets, Theatre, Music, and Dance beginning in 1992. These Festivals have had participation from 56 countries, with over 3000 artists representing over 300 groups. The Fourth International Puppet Festival 1998 held in Lahore was declared internationally as the biggest international puppet festival in the world. He now heads The World Performing Arts Festival Pakistan with its latest session planned for October 2003. Faizaan has also been a founding member for UNIMA Pakistan.He is presently the president of UNIMA in Pakistan, which was setup on the 15th February, 1993 in PakistanIn 1976 he held his first painting exhibition at the American Cultural Centre, Karachi and then followed that with approximately forty painting exhibitions in Pakistan, and twenty six solo art exhibitions in the United States and Europe. He is a modern expressionistic painter who is presently dedicated to working with puppets and large faces. Faizaan’s fascination for lights over the last two decades has now given him the status of a household name as a lighting designer.He has designed stages and lights for several programs in Pakistan including festivals and several instillations for events abroad. Visual media has always fascinated Faizaan and this has resulted in ‘Laatoo’, his first documentary with co-director Alix Phillippon. The documentary covers all aspects and problems faced by dancers in Pakistan. It also looks at the popular forms of dance which are officially permitted by the Government; the Vulgar Dances in the movies, the Heera Mandi influence, and the commercial stage.In addition, it looks at how the true dance form has suffered and how the cheep commercial dance has mushroomed, eventually twisting the place of dance in our culture giving it its dire image and taboo status . It finally looks at the hypocrisy that has been forcefully imposed on the dancers and the public, making everyone lose. Film has now given Faizaan a new dimension to express himself and he intends to continue in it. Currently he is filming a project delineated into three major documentaries on the Sufi Shrines of Pakistan.The project takes an in depth look at, and analyzes, over 800 diverse shrines all across the country, while the individual films are separated into studies focusing on the Architectural, Spiritual, and the Poetic elements of the Shrines. Tasneem Peerzada: Executive Director Tasneem Peerzada has had a varied and diverse professional career –it spans the entire spectrum from beginning as a primary and secondary school teacher, to a journalist, a playwright, a lyricist, a press and public relations coordinator, and last, but not least, a poet.After her professional origins in the educational establishment, Tasneem moved onto a more potent public forum by joining â€Å"The Daily Jung† as a journalist. At this leading Urdu language newspaper she worked in both the capacities of an editor and a featured columnist, incorporating all forms of current social and political issues in her writing. She covered Television, Film, Theatre, and political personalities under human interest, reported on social and political dilemmas for awareness, and also covered fashion for the front pages of the media and entertainment sections.Tasneem later wove all these fundamental elements into a singular vocational focus when she joined the Rafi Peer Theatre Workshop as a company director. Here she wrote scripts for TV shows, awareness productions (whether on anti-narcotics or children’s education), theatre skits, as well as lyrics and songs for product anthems, cor porate launches, and Television jingles. She also became an ardent media and press coordinator for the Peer Group and its sister companies as well as a director in the companies numerous internationally acclaimed national and international performing arts festivals.Currently Tasneem Peerzada is working on her first novel and a poetry publication slated to be published soon. The services: Peer event management utilizes state-of-the-art equipment and techniques and it’s professionally staffed. Peer events management is Pakistan’s leader in specialist state, set, fabrication, product launched, road shows, concerts, fashion show, annual conferences, Peer Event Management and creativity and innovation, deliver the talent and take care of the full production, from high tech sound and lighting systems to cleanup and gives a special blend of experience, technical expertise and creative energy.

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Questions 1-8

Chapter 1: #1 a) â€Å"Tired old town† (pg. 5) b) â€Å"Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing fear but fear itself† (pg. 6) c) â€Å"nothing to buy and no money to buy with it† (pg. 6) d) â€Å"nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County† (pg. 10) #2 The setting of the story take place in Maycomb County, Alabama, during the 1930's. #3 Scout was telling the story about Boo Radley, she said Radley was locked up in a basement as a teenager for once getting in trouble with police. Boo has been locked up in the house ever since and people think he goes out at night. 4 The children find Boo fascinating because he was so mysterious, they thought he was dead and there were many stories about him.Chapter 2: #1 one- the teacher found out that Scout already can read, so she make Scout promise not to read to with her father. second- the teacher found out Scout was writing a letter to Dill, the teacher stop her from writing it and told S cout that in Grade 1, you only learn printing. third- Scout was trying to explain the ways of the Cunninghams and that they were proud farmers who refuse charity because they couldn’t afford it. 2 The professional people is poor at that time because their learning system is so limited, student have no chance to learn things other than what the teacher have taught. #3 WPA stand for Works Progress Administration. He won’t work for it because he is to proud of himself, he doesn’t want help and charity and he only takes what he works for. Chapter 3: #1 The point of view from Cal and Atticus is very different. Cal will give lecture to the children if they did something wrong, but Atticus will try to impact the important message to the children. 2 Walter's family is respectable, but Burris’ family is meaner and keeps to themselves.Burris doesn’t try to look nice for school, follow rules, or even come back to school again after the first day. But as for W alter, he attends school in a clean shirt and tries to be polite. #3 Scout have begin to realize things can be interpreted both ways, and she can't judge something or someone from what she has see/heard. #4 I think Atticus meant that â€Å"common folk† know and understand the laws so they aren’t exempted, but the Ewells live by a different way of life so some of the laws are bent for them so they can still co-exist. 5 Atticus compromise to Scout is that Scout can keep on reading at home with him, but she can’t tell her teacher that she is. Chapter 4: #1 Scout doesn’t like the teacher because she tells her that she’s not allowed to read or right in first grade and Scout doesn’t like her fellow classmates. #2 I think the gum and pennies are coming from either Boo or a mocking bird. I think Boo because its his house and a mocking bird because its in the title of a story. #3 She doesn’t want to get in trouble with Atticus and because she afraid of one she heard someone laughing in the Radley house.Chapter 5: 1 Miss Maudie is a very friendly and warmth person. She hated staying at her house, she is widow, loved flowers and plants, likes baking, gold filling in her teeth and Baptist. She is very nice and friendly to Scout and Jem. #2 Miss Maudie was putting down a specific baptist point of view in which they person takes everything from the bible literally and believe that gods rules are the only rules. #3 Sometimes when someone has a Bible they use the power of it for the wrong reasons. #4 Atticus policy is basically tell the children everyone has their right, if Boo wanted to come out he would do so, and if he chooses not to, that is his right.I agree with Atticus, but I still think its strange. Chapters 6: #1 They went to Radley’s window that night because they knew Atticus wouldn’t notice them leave and it was the last day of summer, so if they died at least they would miss school. #2 He suggests tha t Scout is too much of a girl to handle this type of thing. #3 This have show us that Jem and Atticus have a very good relationship, where Jem would not want to get Atticus angry and dis-trust Jem. That also show us he care about the relationship. Chapter 7: #1 Jem’s pants were poorly sewn and neatly folded when he went back to get them.This scared him because he that Radley knew that he’d come back for his pants. #2 It represented Boo's friendly connection with the Finch children. Everyone thought Boo was a fearsome, crazy ‘phantom' and awful rumors were spread around about him. In actual fact, Boo was a nice person, except he didn't have any contact with the outside world. He left gifts in the knothole for Jem and Scout to find, because he wanted to express his friendship. #3 Jem had asked Mr. Nathan why he filled the hold with cement, and his reply is that the tree is dying, and cement will prevent from growing.But Jem afterward have consult Atticus, and Attic us that the tree look heathy. And now Jem realize Mr. Nathan are trying to prevent his brother Boo from pursuing the friendship. Chapter 8: #1 Jem and Scout make a snowman of Mr. Avery because they thinks he looks a lot like one. #2 Atticus keeps it a secret because he doesn’t want Boo to be gossiped about and doesn’t want Boo to get in trouble with his brother Nathan. #3 Miss Maudie is happy that her house burnt down. This tells us that she is an extremely positive person and doesn’t like to dwell on the past.

Risk Analysis - Information Security and Infrastructure protection Assignment

Risk Analysis - Information Security and Infrastructure protection - Assignment Example To protect the organization’s information assets and mission from threats related to organizations mission, the organization has to perform without partiality the risk management role. Bearing in mind the weight the risk assessment bears in the development of the organization, the organization should keep a lot more attention to it than leave it as just the function of the information technology department. The essence of close monitoring and attention is by the fact that the main goal for risk management process in an organization is to protect the ability of an organization to achieve their mission and protect the organization as a whole. Therefore, in a bid to achieve the organizations missions by the risk assessment, there are several goals in the risk management process. An improved secure information technology system used in the storage transmission and processing of the organizations information, and the risk management makes it possible for an organization to have a well-informed decision with risk management and to give the reason for budgeting for the same as part of the budget allocated for the information technology department. The target audience includes both the experienced and the non-experienced, non-technical and technical people, who get involved in the utility of the risk assessment process with the information technology systems. The people involved here include the owners of the mission who takes part in making the decisions on the information technology budget, and they comprise the senior management. Chief Officer in charge of information ensures that the risk assessment process is implemented and does spearhead maintenance of the systems security. In order to allow information technology system to operate, the designated approving authority personnel must approve and allow the system; hence, the fact makes him/her an integral part. The quality assurance personnel are among the audience; this is for the fact that these personnel

ME Discussion 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ME Discussion 3 - Essay Example Due to increase in price of crude oil which is the key element for inks manufacturing and technological advancements, the revenue of organizations has been severely impacted (Jailing, 2011). Considering the developments taking place at an accelerating rate worldwide in ink industry, the prices of these products will increase which will affect the demand of this product. For the company being reviewed, firm’s elasticity of demand for this product is elastic as increase in price will affect the demand of ink in digital printing industry. There is high demand of inks that are suitable for high value digital industry along with energy cured inks. The market for this ink comprises of packaging and commercial printing and publishing companies. In future i.e. next five years, it is expected that demand of sleek magazines and catalog will increase which will mean that there will be increase demand of ink systems that are energy curable along with usage of equipments for printing presses that are fast and automated. Two types of inks are gaining popularity i.e. water-based inks and vegetable oil based inks to support production of environmental friendly products so that ecological pollution can be minimized. It is expected that demand of digital inks will increase by 3.7% in next five years i.e. 2017 (Electronics Industry, 2012). The increase in demand is expected because of increasing requirement of technology that has in screen-printing feature, establishment of departments responsible for internal graphics that facilitate professional level of quality, computer usage will get tripled in future and in-house printing needs are being required both small and large scale companies. The digital inks segment will see acceleratin g growth in future because of exponential expansion of inkjet printing (Electronics Industry, 2012). Electronics Industry (2012, January 10). Global

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A change in the price of a good causes a movement along the same demand curve or along the same supply curve whereas a change in any of other determinant of dem - Essay Example This is a very important determinant. Generally, a rise in income is associated with an increase in demand for most goods (normal goods) (Sloman, 1994). Examples are cars and other durable goods. Demand for some goods is unaffected by a change in income. For example, demand for salt and furniture is satiated above a certain level of income. Demand for some goods will fall as income rises (inferior goods) (Sloman, 1994). These are often the less expensive substitutes of another better quality good. For example, consumers reduce their demand for cheap televisions with fewer gadgets and increase their demand for expensive televisions with more gadgets when income rises. The ability to afford a good, especially expensive durable goods, will depend also on the availability of credit facilities. Another determinant that causes a shift in the demand curve is substitute goods (Dominick, 2003; Sloman, 1994). These are goods that can be used to replace one another to satisfy a particular want. Consumers choose among substitutes partly on the basis of their relative prices. Examples of substitute goods are butter and margarine, tea and coffee, and apples and oranges. These goods are in competitive demand fulfilling the same kind of want. A rise in the price of Good Y will tend to increase the demand for Good X that has become relatively cheaper. The two goods are substitutes if an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other. For example, if the price of tea increases it is expected that the demand for coffee will increase. The quantity demanded for tea is expected to fall. The third determinant that causes a shift in the demand curve is complementary goods (Dominick, 2003; Sloman, 1994). A good is a complement to another good to the extent that it is used jointly. The goods are consumed together (in combination) to satisfy some particular want. Examples are car and

Mccall's Make me wana Holler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mccall's Make me wana Holler - Essay Example The narrator of McCall’s book undergoes a transformation of literacy when he becomes familiar with historical black authors while in prison, and changes his life to meet new goals in forming his life as an author. This is a book that deals deeply with three main themes: double standards (whites/blacks), internalized oppression vs. institutional discrimination (racism and classism are against McCall in the narrative), and labeling (because of his race and where he is from, the narrator is labeled as a deviant, and therefore perpetrates deviant behavior expected of him). Looking at these themes, one can also see how the work relates to socio economics and education. The author McCall doesn’t get much from the educational system in his area. Instead, he learns through his peers. And in a world of oppression where young black males like McCall are often driven from conventional modes of opportunity and access to productive careers and college, McCall instead fell in with his peers, in an unstructured environment. â€Å"By the time I reached the 7th grade, Id learned that a dude s life had no meaning unless he hung with someone. I discovered the strength and solace in camaraderie. It was a confidence booster, a steady support for my fragile self-esteem† (McCall, 22). At this point, the narrator feels that society has already excluded him from the mainstream because he is African American, and so it makes him insecure and drives him to these bonds leading to heightened courage and anti-social behavior in McCall’s teen group. This is also related to education, as it has been found that white and Asian students tend to do better than African-American or Latino students or students in low socio economic areas (Singham, 2003). This is perhaps a reflection of a larger problem of opportunity, access, and structural inequality, which is also shown in McCall’s thought provoking work. McCall’s story also addresses the problem of

Naval Ground Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Naval Ground Strategy - Assignment Example t, the security of a large and expanding system of international trade in the 20th century would depend on the creation of a transnational consortium of naval power (i.e., the U.S. and Britain).2 Mahan advocated for application of sea power through a big navy which according to him was significant in commerce and economic warfare. He believed that the nation or a group of nations that commanded the sea could be in a good position to draw trade, wealth, and economic resources of the world and was most likely to win wars3. During the civil war, naval weaknesses of the southern states led to seaborne assault. In the course of the four years of conflict, the territorial integrity and economic vivacity of the south were compromised by the union army and navy.4 In this regard, Mahan’s view of navy power could be seen as accounts of truth that were to happen. On the case of Britain, Mahan believed that in late 18th and 19th centuries, Britain had been better placed because parliament had been dominated by men with close ties to maritime commerce. In his view of naval supremacy in the 20th century, he believed that not a single democratized nation would be capable of commanding such supremacy and that this would only be exercised by a transnational group of navies.5 However, he insisted that the basis of such an arrangement would not be formal agreement but absence of political conflict. In his view, he believed that Britain and the United States would constitute such cooperation. However, in quest for superpower supremacy, the US has predominantly set its programs and doctrines to enable it attain this dream. In September 2002, the bush administration issued its national security strategy, which advocated for use of force to get rid of any apparent challenge to US global hegemony.6 This could be analyzed as grand strategy by the US to maintain its world dominance. However, in many situations, the US mission can be termed as a failed one. In fact, due to its dominance

New Code Raises Standards of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Practice in UK Essay Example for Free

New Code Raises Standards of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Practice in UK Essay 1. Introduction Pharmacists play a role in the public health system and the provision of medical care public health system as critical as that of physicians. Most of the time, pharmacists only fill the prescriptions coming from physicians, but pharmacists often need to prescribe and dispense medicines on their own, especially over-the-counter drugs that people usually use for self-medication of common ailments.   With less prudence and circumspection, pharmacists may prescribe medicines that do more harm than good.   In recognition of these potential threats to the integrity of the pharmaceutical profession, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) has developed a new code of ethics and performance framework, which provide that pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in the whole of UK receive quality education necessary for fostering the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values to provide a consistent and safe practice. In formulating the new pharmaceutical code of ethics, the Society, as the RPSGB is more popularly known in UK, noted how the profession has been smeared by controversies involving some of its members, regarding issues on assisted suicide, making a prescription error, sedating an unruly patient, dispensing high-cost drugs and recommending treatment that would allow parole7,,8.  Ã‚   This paper discusses the revised code of ethics for British pharmacists and pharmacy technicians as to the likelihood of its lifting the professional practice of pharmacy to new heights of ethical proficiency and integrity. 2. Literature Review The requirements of the revised code reflect key issues for modern pharmacy practice, such as encouraging patients to be involved in decisions about their care, respecting patient choice and working in partnership with other healthcare professionals8.   All the provisions of the code are supposed to reflect in the conduct, practice and performance of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, designed as it is to promote and support a culture of accountability and professional judgment.  Ã‚   For this reason, the code sets out seven principles of ethical practice that pharmacists or pharmacy technicians need to observe in the pursuit of their profession.   2.1. Key Principles The revised code of ethics is based on seven principles, each of which is supported by requirements that explain the types of actions and behaviors expected of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians when applying said principles in practice. The seven principles are: 1) make the care of patients the pharmacist’s first concern; 2) exercise professional judgment in the interests of patients and the public, 3) show respect for others, 4) encourage patients to participate in decisions about their care, 5) develop professional knowledge and competence, 6) be honest and trustworthy, and 7) take responsibility for your working practices. Unlike previous versions, detailed standards and guidance will be produced separately from the code. Seven professional standards and guidance documents have also been developed to support and expand on the principles of the new code of ethics in the following areas: †¢ Patient consent †¢ Patient confidentiality †¢ Sale and supply of medicines †¢ Pharmacist prescribers †¢ Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in positions of authority †¢ Advertising †¢ Internet pharmacy This means that people are forbidden to accept pharmaceutical work when they do not possess the necessary skills and competence7.   If they do have the proper knowledge and experience, the code says that the pharmacist should start work by establishing the scope of his role and responsibilities and clarifying any ambiguities or uncertainties about where his responsibilities lie.   In addition to complying with his legal and professional obligations, the pharmacist is also expected to keep up to date with and observe the laws, statutory codes and professional obligations relevant to his particular responsibilities8.   2.2. Role and Responsibilities If subject is a pharmacy owner, superintendent pharmacist or pharmacy manager in a hospital, trust, or other field of practice, the code obliges him to set the standards and policies for the provision of pharmacy services by his organization.   The idea is to make the organization – its premises, departments or facilities – properly maintained so that none of its activities would bring the pharmaceutical profession into disrepute.   For this purpose, all the medicines, pharmaceutical ingredients, devices and other stocks at the pharmacy premises or facilities are stored under conditions appropriate to the nature and stability of these products.  Ã‚   In hiring people, management of a pharmacy must conduct background check to ensure that they are qualified for the job and have no criminal records1. The code deems it important that the people employed in a pharmacy are conscientious enough to raise concerns about risks to patients or the public.   Thus, the pharmacy should emplace an appropriate and effective mechanism for staff to raise concerns about risks to patients or the public, including concerns about inadequate resources, policies and procedures, or problems with the health, behavior or the professional performance of others.   2.3. Ethical Development Ethical practice in any profession is commonly perceived to be the outcome of good education and training.   However, studies in the UK context reveal that classroom discussion and experiential clerkship training have no significant impact on the ethical decisions that pharmacists make later3.   In an interview of pharmacy students regarding parole and drug rationing, it was found that majority would recommend treatment to allow parole and restrict the use of expensive drugs6. The ethical choice here is between the benefits to the patient and the risks or costs to society. On physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, few students expressed willingness to dispense any lethal dose of medication to terminally ill patients.   In cases of unruly patients, however, more students would dispense the appropriate sedative.   These responses give rise to questions so to whether pharmacy students are trained to be patient-focused in their future practice3. The code also specifies training on such aspects of pharmaceutical practice as good consultation skills and meticulous record keeping.   To the code, it matters if pharmacists forget to ask questions in a medication review or in dispensing a repeat prescription; or misinterpret body language and miss cues from patients about emerging problems. The reason is that pharmacists may be the only healthcare professional the patient is seeing routinely so it matters if they miss something or handle a clinical situation poorly.   2.4. Advertised Drugs A recent randomized controlled trial using model patients found that patient requests for advertised drugs were a stronger determinant of prescribing decisions than whether or not the patient had the condition the drug aimed to treat2. Another study of prescribing decisions in response to patient requests found that if a patient asks for an advertised brand, he usually receives it, although the physician is more likely to be ambivalent about these prescribing decisions6. These studies suggest a need for physicians and pharmacists to receive adequate training on how to respond to patient requests. The global withdrawal of the drug Rofecoxib from the market in 2004 illustrates this point. Rofecoxib was no more effective than alternative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treating the symptoms of arthritis but it was widely promoted as safer and accepted by the public as such. Although there were studies that it brought the side effect of increased heart disease risks, the drug made it big in the market, with 80 million prescriptions worldwide3.   The market success of the drug is a testament to the triumph of marketing over science.   Only after the US Food and Drug Administration reported 35,000 cases of cardiac arrests and a congressional investigation was consequently held that the drug was pulled out.   The incident highlighted the need to ensure that health professionals are adequately prepared to evaluate promotional claims, and to assess and understand interactions with the pharmaceutical industry2. 3. Discussion Educators in many countries are clearly aware of the influence of pharmaceutical promotion on the health professions and wish to prepare students for this aspect of their professional lives. As a physician educator from India said, â€Å"†¦Whatever rational things we want to inculcate in them, that should be done in the student period itself. Once they taste big money then habits develop and later die hard9.†Ã‚   This is precisely the habit the code of ethics for UK pharmacists seeks to discourage. On pharmacy education, the literature agrees that there is no consistent, well-designed and deliberate approach to teaching students ethics during clerkship. Moreover, it has been observed that factors such as life experiences and normal maturation are likely to contribute to the students ethical development.   Acknowledging these limitations, the code simply seeks to determine if there were noticeable changes in the ethical decisions made by students at different points in their education. Since it was seen that classroom and clerkship experiences do not impact on the ethical decisions made by pharmacy students, the code encourages pharmacy schools to attend to this problem.   On top of the proposed agenda is a revision of the curriculum such that it can provide a deliberate and consistent ethical component to the clerkship experience5. A review of ethics literature in medicine and pharmacy found that pharmacy schools lag considerably behind medical schools in the integration of ethics into the curriculum1.   Additionally, medical schools were found to use a more patient-oriented approach to teaching ethics.   It is believed that a patient-oriented, clerkship-based approach could enhance ethics education and is worthy of further study.   The Society is thus currently making efforts to more effectively design and study alternative approaches to ethics education during clerkship, and throughout the pharmacy curriculum8. 4. Commentary The finding that pharmacy students do not learn ethical behavior from their classroom and clerkship experience in UK casts doubt on full compliance with the code of ethics for this type of healthcare professionals. The above studies conclude that students have a less defined professional ethical system, which may be due to a lack of pharmacy practice experience. They recommend that further studies be done to document the ethical growth and development of pharmacy students. Other authors have suggested that future studies longitudinally evaluate the influence of pharmaceutical education and training on the moral development and ethical behavior of students. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that ethics education should include both theoretical and practical components.   If the code of ethics has to influence the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, concerned authorities must take these suggestions to heart.   Otherwise, the code will only be good on paper.

Outline and evaluate biological explanations of aggression Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate biological explanations of aggression Essay The biological explanation of aggression suggests that aggression is caused by genetics, brain structure or bio-chemical influences hormones such as testosterone and neurotransmitters such as serotonin. It includes only biological factors ignoring environmental, psychological and social factors which are better explained by of the social-psychological explanation. The first theory linking genetics to aggression was Court-Browns research study. Sandberg was the first to identify the 47 XYY karyotype. Normally every human has 46 chromosomes 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. When a male, has an extra Y chromosome the 47th chromosome it makes them XYY and this would be a genetic disorder. Court-Brown conducted a longitudinal study on 314 males with XYY chromosome and suggested that males with this chromosome would be better hospitalised due to an increased likelihood of aggressive behaviour. Many institutions took on this idea without further research and as a result many males where hospitalised. This would support the biological view that genetics can cause a person to become aggressive as Court-Brown provided evidence for this, however after further research he further retracted his comments as much of it was based on assumption. Further research into the XYY karyotype found that the only thing that the extra chromosome affected was physical characteristics such as increased height and it did not affect aggressive behaviour in any way. Theilgaard also did research comparing XYY to XY and XYY males. She used thematic apperception tests (TATs). She compared prison inmates to the general population. She found that although XYY males were more likely to give aggressive interpretations of the images this did not mean that they would perform aggressive acts in real-life situations. So this would go against what Court-Brown found. Court-Brown used a lab experiment to conduct his study. A lab experiment is prone to confounding variables because there may be other factors that may influence the outcome of the result. A lab experiment also lacks ecological validity because it is set in an artificial setting and it would be hard to extrapolate findings to real life settings. This would make the study invalid. Also Court-Brown did not operationalize aggression. Many people view aggression in many different ways from verbal aggression to physical aggression. So what kind of aggression did the males show? As aggression was not clearly defined this could lead to inaccurate results. Therefore Court-Browns research would be hard to rely on as it is hard to measure aggression in a uniform way. Theilgaards research also had some short-comings She used a TAT test to measure aggression within her sample. TAT tests have no empirical validity as they are just images, by describing what is in a picture the participate wont be acting aggressively they are merely stating/interpreting what they see, therefore the use of TAT tests does not show the XXY male is aggressive in real life situations and findings should be treated with caution. Overall the genetic approach is heavily reductionist as it does not include other approaches such as social and cognitive approaches. It just assumes that genetics are the main cause of aggression. However by being reductionist it could lead to further psychological research into the area and this might produce more insights into the theory. The genetic theory also over-emphasises the importance of nature and ignores nurture completely. They may be other factors other that genetics that play a role in aggression for example, a persons up-bringing may cause them to act aggressively or the type of culture they belong to may also play a part so to improve its explanation the genetic theory could input some of these ideas into the theory. Another theory from the biological approach which suffers similar problems like reductionism and determinism is the hormonal/neurotransmitter approach. The approach argues that high levels of the hormone testosterone lead to aggression while low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin lead to aggression. Wagner et al. did research which supported the link between aggression and testosterone. They castrated mice and found that levels of aggression decreased and that there was also a drop in male typical behaviours such as biting. When the mice received testosterone injections levels of aggression started to increase. This would support the view that levels of testosterone can lead to aggression. Another study in this area was by Harrison, he gave male participants aged 20 -56 testosterone injections and then gave them a frustrating game to play. He noted that aggression did increases in all of the men but to differing extents. Furthermore affects were mainly psychological and there were few physical affects.

Domestic Violence in Kenya

Domestic Violence in Kenya Domestic violence is a problem that is rampant in most parts of the world especially in Africa. There is no standard definition of domestic violence in Kenya maybe because there are no express laws on the same. However several scholars have attempted to define domestic violence. The term violence against women means any act of gender based violence that results in or is likely to result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women including threats of such acts coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty whether occurring in public or private life  [1]. FIDA (K) in the 1998 annual report on the legal status of women in Kenya states, physical abuse or battery consists of a wide range of activities. It can involve pushing, grabbing, scratching, slapping, hitting, punching, chocking, kicking, kneeing, sitting and standing on, burning, drowning, hair-pulling, arm-twisting, hanging by neck and arms or feet, handcuffing, biting or throwing, tying up with rope, clawing or scratching, locking one out of the home, driving recklessly while one is in the car, throwing objects, threatening to hurt with weapons such as knife or a gun, abandoning in dangerous places, refusing to help when one is pregnant , injured, or sick.  [2]  There is no clear definition of the crime and the present laws need to be amended to provide for the crime. For purposes of this project domestic violence against women includes any act to any woman or girl by an intimate partner that is physical in nature and likely to cause her physical injury and harm and this includes hitting, battering ,shoving and pushing, kicking, chocking among others. Background The problem of domestic violence can be traced in the Kenyan traditional system which is patriarchal in nature. In the Kenyan traditional setting a man was recognized as the head of the house hold and subsequently had powers to chastise the wife and children. A woman was seen as a lesser being and was therefore submissive to the husband and in some cultures it was even any man. Some scholars have done extensive research on domestic violence and their works have established that domestic violence is so rampant and is affecting many peoples lives and therefore laws needs to be amended and new laws made. Violence against women is both a historical and cultural phenomenon and a reality which has permeated all sectors of Kenyan society as a result of unequal treatment of women and men.  [3]  This shows that the historic and cultural aspects are the major pioneers of this problem. Wife beating is fairly prevalent in Kenya. The continuation of this practice maybe attributable to the fac t that every regime of customary law in Kenya, grants husbands the right to chastise their wives for misconduct. Under Kenyan customary laws only unjustified or excessive beating by the husband would be sufficient ground for divorce or for the wife to return to her family.  [4]  The only reason that would cause a wife to return would be excessive beating; there is no provision as to what would amount to excessive chastise. Violence against women is a manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between men and women which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of womens full advancement. Violence against women throughout the lifecycle derives essentially from cultural patterns in particular the harmful effects s of certain traditional or customary practices and all acts of extremism linked to race sex language or religion that perpetuate the lower status accorded to women in the family, the workplace, the community and society. Violence against women is exacerbated by social pressures, notably the shame of denouncing certain acts that have been perpetrated against women, failure to reform existing laws, inadequate efforts on the part of public authorities to promote awareness of and enforce existing laws and the absence of educational and other means to address the causes and consequences of violence.  [5]   Domestic violence is a widespread problem in the whole country and affects women from all classes and age. Violence cuts across all classes of women in this country: rich and poor, educated and illiterate, employed and unemployed, in urban and rural areas and in all ethnic communities.  [6]  It does not therefore mean that its a problem of a section of women but it affects all. This increases the magnitude since women are more than the men in this country. From the scholars we can appreciate that the problem of domestic violence against women is prevalent and it has its roots from cultural practice and would perhaps explain why its so common. The government made an attempt to address some of this problem in 1966 by setting up a commission to work on the law of marriage and divorce whose terms of reference included among other things the status of women in the society the commission found out that wife battery was pertinent to the issue of status of women in the society. After examining it the commission proposed a bill to criminalize wife battery but due to the dominated male parliament the bill was rejected and the parliament justified the practice of wife chastise as an inherent traditional right of an African man. A woman who has been battered can only seek redress for assault provided for in section 250-253 of the penal code.  [7]  In worse cases which result in death the perpetrator of the crime is charged with murder and mostly reduced to manslaughter which has a lighter sentence. From then, women in human rights organizations and in parliament have tried making several bills but none has succeeded so far. The two major bills on domestic violence against women were: national council for gender development bill 1999 and domestic violence (family protection) bill 1999. Here is a summary of what they entailed; National Council for Gender Development Bill 1999 This bill sought to establish a council to ensure gender mainstreaming in national development policies, initiate legal reforms on issues affecting women , and formulate programs on gender development and to prepare reports on Kenyas international obligations regarding women among other things. With regard to violence against women it could have pushed for Kenyas adherence to its international obligations to eliminate both discrimination and domestic violence against women. Domestic Violence (Family Protection) Bill 1999 This bill sought to provide for the grant, enforcement and variation of court orders for protection from domestic violence. In this bill the definition of a spouse encompasses persons living together who may not necessarily be legally married ensuring that women in cohabitation situation are protected from violence. The bill also provides for issuance of protection orders for victims of domestic violence. From this we can see that Kenya has gone a long way to ensure domestic violence is reduced but still the parliament is dominated by male members who are not ready to make the necessary reforms. Several statistics have been conducted by organizations and individuals to show the seriousness of the problem. According to Kenya demographic and health survey (KDHS) 2003, one out of every four women experience violence from husbands with 40% experiencing physical violence and 16% sexual violence.  [8]  From this statistics its clear that physical violence against women is more prevalent than any other type. In the innocenti digest no. 6 of 2000 by UNICEF 20 TO 50% of women are battered in every country worldwide 46% 0f 612 women surveyed in one district in Kenya reported of having been beaten by a partner of those 58%reported that they were beaten often or sometimes.  [9]  This statistics also show the explicitness of the problem and shows that it needs urgent attention. Research questions A big question to consider would be why is domestic violence so prevalent? It is clear that domestic violence is so rampant. This research will endeavor to establish why domestic violence against women is so prevalent Is it because there is a lacuna in law that leads to continued domestic violence against women? The research will seek to establish whether the lacuna in law is the cause of domestic violence against women. What can be done to benefit victims of domestic violence as well as curb its use in the future? The research will have conclusive findings and will make recommendations on the laws that need amends and new laws that need to be established to curb domestic violence against women. Presumptions Domestic violence against women is prevalent because of the lacuna in law. The male dominated parliament is the main cause of the lacuna in law since the men still acknowledge customary law which allows for chastisement of women. The constitution, to which all laws are subject to allows for use of customary law in civil cases. Limitations in the study I am limited only to tackle the legal part yet this problem has both legal and social aspects. I am limited in research since am supposed to handle mainly the Kenyan situation. Since there is inadequacy in law my research will be limited only to the few provisions in Kenyan laws which provide for the crime impliedly. Research methodology I will use both primary and secondary data. Primary data will include issuing of questionnaires to the affected members of the society; I will make observations especially to the affected women. I intend to conduct interviews in various institutes like federation for women lawyers (FIDA), coalition on violence against women among others and individuals who may have authority on domestic violence against women in Kenya especially the human rights activists. Further I will conduct interviews on the victims of domestic violence Secondary sources include textbooks and journals which have specialized on domestic violence against women, declarations, treaties, and the various statutes on substantive and procedural law, judicial authorities which cover for the crime of domestic violence as assault, bills of parliament which were not passed into law and the ones which are being debated on. The internet will also be a major source of my research. Literature review Although various organizations and individuals have focused considerable attention and effort on the subject of domestic violence against women, an in-depth study on the issue particularly dealing with the situation in Kenya need to be done, this is mainly so because most scholars seem to dwell more on the social aspect of the problem rather than the legal aspect of it. Empathy and sympathy cannot solve the problem alone, legal mechanisms have to be put in place to eliminate this problem. There are also no clear ways on which the perpetrators of the crime are to be punished. In its annual reports of 1997 and 1998 FIDA (K) observed the current situation of women in Kenya in terms of family issues. According to them women in the privacy of their homes are subjected to shockingly savage acts of violence which need to be addressed urgently. They have however not provided for the specific laws to be amended and the new law to be enacted. They have mostly dwelled on the social aspects and recommendations probably leaving out the most important aspect which is the legal aspect. Dr. Jacinta Muteshi in her book mapping best practices promoting gender equality and the advancement of Kenyan women highlights the problem of domestic violence however she has failed to bring out what constitutes to the crime of domestic violence against women. Without defining a crime it would be very hard or even impossible to come up with the perpetrators and the punishment for the same. In the book Kenyan country gender profile domestic violence against women has been highlighted as a problem that is both historical and cultural. The author tries to show the seriousness of the problem yet its being taken too lightly. The author has dwelled so much on the social aspects and has not mentioned anywhere what could be done to amend the laws or to draft others. He has not highlighted the legal status of the crime which is very important if this problem of domestic violence against women is to be addressed. In the Beijing declaration and the platform for action.  [10]  This journal provides mostly for the consequences of violence against women in a broader sense including situations of armed conflict. The journal dwells so much on the groups of women who are vulnerable who include refugee women, women migrants, destitute women, the elderly, women with disabilities etc. the author did not put into consideration the welfare of women in normal intimate relationships who suffer silently. However the journal has many recommendations which can help reduce or curb the problem of domestic violence against women. The recommendations can only be helpful if they are incorporated to Kenyan laws. In the book women of the world: laws and policies affecting their reproductive lives the author portrays the problem to be customary based and thats why it has strived mostly because the constitution of Kenya allow for use of customary laws. The author does not seek to address the problem in fact she just mentions the problem and leaves it at that. The convention on the elimination of all forms of violence against women (COVAW) which is the most extensive instrument dealing exclusively with the rights of women is an international instrument that Kenya is subject to. Although Kenya has ratified this instrument, its provisions are not applied in Kenyan courts in practice. The provisions are therefore not helpful in anyway unless the judiciary would apply its provision in our courts in practice. Kenyan statutes which provide for the crime of domestic violence against women provides for use of customary law in Kenyan courts so long as they are not repugnant to justice and morality gives room for broad interpretation which could lead to tolerating the crime to some extent. The penal code cap 63 laws of Kenya, provides for the crime of assault that shoulders domestic violence against women. This act should provide expressly for the crime this is because many perpetrators get a light sentence or worse go free which makes it hard to curb the crime. The criminal procedure code cap 75 laws of Kenya which provides for the procedure of arrest, search and sentencing of a suspect. The procedure is complex and complicated and has a lot of loopholes that lead to perpetrators to go free. The civil procedure act cap21 of the laws of Kenya which provides for rules in seeking legal redress in civil court for compensation for acts of domestic violence against women. The rules provide for comp lex procedures that delay justice and cause many cases to be struck out on technical grounds. The evidence Ac  [11]  t in sections 107-109 provide that the burden of proof is borne by the prosecution most of who are incompetent and its male dominated leading to acquittal of perpetrators for lack of evidence beyond reasonable doubt. I however agree with the annual FIDA(K) reports on the family issues affecting the lives of women. Their recommendations can only be useful only if they are put into law. The various international agreements have good provisions but can only be useful if they are incorporated in the Kenyan laws to be used by the domestic courts. Chapter breakdown My research project will have four chapters which include; Chapter 1: introduction This will include the sneak preview of the topic of domestic violence, the background, the hypothesis and objectives of the study Chapter 2: international standards that are set on the problem of domestic violence This will include analyzing the various laws especially the international standards present that provide for domestic violence against women. Take a case study on a state where domestic violence has been provided for in the laws and done away with successfully. Use and quote works of philosophers who have shunned domestic violence against women. Chapter 3: Kenyan situation Here I will critically analyze the situation of domestic violence against women in Kenya, the magnitude of the problem and what has been done or what is being done to eliminate this problem. Chapter 4: Recommendations This will include various suggestions of amendments that need to be made to eliminate the problem of domestic violence against women. The recommendations will be strictly legal based.

A Not So-Perfect Pancake Essay -- Personal Narrative Family Essays

Not So-Perfect Pancake The form of the pancake my mother made for me every morning was always unpredictable. Sometimes, they would come out perfectly, smooth and round with sprinkles of love blended in. Other times, they would be mushy, uneven shapes that seemed to pile onto the plate. It was just like life, sometimes things would go as planned without any wrinkles, smooth, and other times I would need a steamy iron to get rid of the bunching wrinkles. Overall though, the pancakes symbolized my mother's loyalty to me and served as a bonding tool. Waking up at 6:00 was never something I enjoyed. In fact, it was more of a wrestling match between my alarm clock and me. Staggering out of bed, I would somehow manage to drag myself into the shower and progress to drying my hair and finding clothes, on a good day they would even match. Then, I would routinely plop down onto the red and white-checkered cushion that covered my favorite stool, and eat the breakfast my mother made for me. It was always the same, a single chocolate chip pancake with whip cream on top. Why I chose a chocolate chip pancake and not something else like poached eggs with biscuits, I'm not sure. Perhaps it was because I loved how the chocolate chips would melt into the rest of the pancake adding a semi sweet taste to a normally bland breakfast, or it could be blamed on my pickiness as an eater. Once I found something I liked, I rarely strayed from it. More practically though, it was because my mother could prepare the batter the night before making it quicker and easier to cook in the morning. During the times I was on schedule, a rarity for me in the morning, I would slowly savor each bite and talk to my half asleep mother about little things: the fight... ...help of my family and the return of my sister it was able to transform into a perfect delectable and delicious pancake. And why did my mother wake up to make me one every morning? I heard her talking on the phone to my brother. Living in Alaska, there is a five-hour time change, and he called one morning expecting to leave a message on the answering machine. Instead he got my mothers dreary voice. I could assume what he was saying on the other line, "Mom, why are you up so early?" She replied with "making Helena breakfast". He obviously questioned the importance of that because the next words out of her mouth were "if I have to sacrifice an hour and a half of sleep to make sure she eats and starts the day off right then I will". It had been five years since I overcame my eating disorder and still my mother proved to me that she never breaks her promises.

Brians Song Essay -- Brians Song

Brian's Song   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a true story about how 2 men, Brian Piccolo and Gale Sayers, completely different from each other from and inceperable bond. The 2 men are seperated by about everything that you can think of: they come from 2 different parys of the country, one is white, one is black, 1 liked to talk, the other was shy. Pretty much the only thing they had in common was that they both were competing for the same job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book takes place in and around the Chicago area. Gale and Brian are both trying to get the spot as the Chicago Bears starting halfback. They both are rookies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book begins on the training camp field of the Chicago Bears. Gale pulls up in a taxi. Brian immediately comes up to him and greets him. Brian tells Gale to go talk to Halas (Bears Head Coach). Brian also tells Gale that Halas is deaf in his left ear so stay on the right side when he is talking to him. Gale procceds to go to the coaches office. When Halal and Gale are speaking Gale keeps manuevering to get to the coaches right ear. Halas notices this akward behavior and askes him what he is doin. he alsmost tells his coach but he has realized he has gotten tricked. Next, the team is in the dining hall when Brian is volunteered by a coach to sing his almamaders (Wake Forest) fight song. This is how the books gets its title.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I fast forward to after practice JC Caroline has to have a meeting with Gale. He notifies Gale the him and Brian will be rooming together. T...

The Matrix Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’m sitting in a chair, talking to a man that I’ve wanted to know for a long time. His name is Morpheus; I know that he knows more than I do about the world and how it works. Now it’s my turn, in each of his hand’s there is a pill, in one there’s a red pill and in the other a blue pill. The red pill will have me further my knowledge and the true nature of things will be revealed. The blue pill stops any further knowledge and my perception of things will remain unchanged. I take the red pill. Why do I take the red pill?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, let’s consider the way I am. I am a very nosy person who likes taking chances and risks. If I’m given a glimpse of what is real how can I go back? I’m curious as to what lies ahead. For Morpheus to po...

Spanish American War

Analyze the responses to TWO of the following to Secretary of State John Hay’s view that the Spanish American War was â€Å"a splendid little war†; William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Emilio Aguinaldo When Secretary of State John Hay stated that the Spanish American War was a â€Å"splendid little war†, he received mixed responses from people such as William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, and Emilio Aguinaldo. Some people of the Philippines, especially the nationalist leader Emilio Aguinaldo, disagreed with Hay’s statement.They were upset that they were first being denied independence from Spain, and now the United States of America. However, even having fought in the Spanish-American War alongside the Americans, Aguinaldo led bands of guerilla fighters against the U. S. It took three years, and numerous causalities to end the revolt. Theodore Roosevelt, on the other hand, saw potential in the lands co ntrolled by Spain. He ordered a fleet to the Philippines. The American Fleet destroyed the Spanish Fleet. Contrary to the beliefs of Theodore Roosevelt, William Jennings Bryan viciously attacked the idea of American imperialism.He believed that imperialism was wrong, and the United States should stay out of fighting wars for conquest. While many Americans too, questioned imperialism, they saw the new territory, including the Philippines, acquired during the war as an accomplishment. Last but not least, Alfred Thayer Mahan believed that a strong naval power would crucial if a country wanted to become the finest, economically and militarily. A strong military presence would open foreign markets which would lead the United States to become a world power.William Jennings Bryan vigorously attacked the growth of American Imperialism. One positive consequence of the Spanish American war was its effect on the way both Americans and Europeans thought about the United States as a formidable m ilitary power Discuss whether or not US foreign policy from 1890-1914 was principally guided by economic motives. The period after the Civil War saw the development of a booming economy fueled by the industrialization of America, which created the path for a major change in U. S diplomacy policies with the rest of the world.Rather than being an isolated country and keeping with the advice of George Washington to stay neutral concerning any European affairs, the United States became an imperialistic and world power with territories extending across the pacific and very active in European affairs. U. S foreign policy from 1890-1920 was principally guided by economic motives. One of the motives why the U. S foreign policy was principally guided by economic ambition was to protect American interests saved in other countries.Another motive why the U.S foreign policy was principally guided by economic ambition was because the U. S needed new markets on which to sell their surplus of farm and produced goods. One of the motives why the U. S foreign policy was principally guided by economic ambition was because the U. S needed new markets on which to sell their surplus of farm and produced goods. The blessed American soil was mass-producing crops and industries were thriving in production of American goods the markets in the United States were over flowing with goods and the United States needed to extend their sale to other countries’ markets.The four biggest imperialistic powers of the time were Great Britain, France, Germany, and soon to be the United States were all competing to get the advantages of the markets in China, and since China was dealing with their own struggles like corruption, and bad leadership, many countries were taking advantage of the economic gains in the Chinese markets unfairly. Secretary of state John Hay proposed an â€Å"Open Door policy in China† which would guarantee that all nations have a fair chance in the Chinese markets .He proposed this because the United States was still trying to prove itself and if all the countries accepted this policy the United States would ensure having access to the profitable markets. As the U. S economy grew so did ambition and a sense of great nationalism in the United States and the public was calling for more. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson toward Latin America Both Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson had utilized their own foreign policies toward Latin America that differed from another.Theodore Roosevelt proposed the aggressive, â€Å"Big-Stick† diplomacy in dealing with Latin America, whereas Wilson operated using moral diplomacy as his way of managing foreign affairs. The idea behind Roosevelt’s â€Å"Big-Stick† Policy was ‘speaking softly but carrying a big stick’, meaning that negotiations should conclude peacefully, but rivals should be threatened with the military. Presiden t Roosevelt had made several attempts to build the United States’ reputation as a world power. His policy, however, was unpopular amongst many for breaking the customary â€Å"non-involvement policy† in international politics. T.R was enthusiastic to begin the construction of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama, so the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 was passed. This allowed the United States to begin to dig the canal without British involvement. Woodrow Wilson on the other hand, respected other nation’s rights and supported the spread of democracy. Wilson had sent troops over and arranged an arms embargo with the Mexican government. When these troops were detained, he had them occupy Veracruz and war seemed imminent until the Countries of Argentina, Chile and Brazil mediated in the affair. Wilson had also proposed the Johns Act of 1916 which granted U. S.  citizenship to all the inhabitants in Puerto Rico while providing limited self-government. In addition t o this, Wilson kept a supply of marines in Nicaragua and ordered U. S. troops into Haiti in 1915 and the Dominican Republic in 1916.He argued that such intervention was necessary to maintain stability in the region and protect the Panama Canal. Assess the importance of TWO of the following in the US decision to declare war against Spain in 1898: yellow journalism, sinking of the Maine, US business interests, Cuban revolution America's short war with Spain in 1898 was the nation's first step on the pathway to becoming a world power.The U. S. victory brought with it the unintended possession of the Philippines and a vested interest in the politics of the Pacific region that would ultimately lead to conflict with Japan. As an immediate outcome of the war, America found itself embroiled in an insurgency in the Philippines that closely mimicked the conflict in Vietnam over 60 years later. Cuba, a Spanish colony, had been in rebellion since 1895. The brutal Spanish response turned America n sympathies to the Cuban insurgents.The US Battleship Maine arrived in Havana Harbor in January 1898 with a dual mission to protect American interests and present the Spanish with a show of force. At 9:40 PM on the evening of February 15, an explosion ripped the forward hull quickly sending the ship to the bottom of the harbor, killing two hundred sixty-six of the 345 crew members. Investigations started immediately. A US Naval Board of Inquiry attributed the sinking to an external explosion – a conclusion interpreted by many as referring to a mine placed beneath the ship. The finger of blame pointed to Spanish treachery.An anti-Spanish press particularly the â€Å"Yellow Journalism† of the Hearst and Pulitzer newspapers – enflamed American public opinion and raised it to a war-fever pitch. Congress clamored for action. President McKinley reluctantly succumbed to pressure and asked Congress to declare war on April 21. Congress obliged on April 25, 1898. The war lasted only 3 months and cost the U. S. about 400 killed or wounded. The United States gained the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam and emerged as a power to be reckoned with on the world stage. Cuba gained independence from Spain.For Spain it was a humiliating defeat. Both her Atlantic and Pacific fleets were sent to the bottom of the sea and with them went Spain's prestige as a world power. In what ways did the United States’ relationship with Japan become more competitive after 1900? In the first two decades of the twentieth century, the relationship between the United States and Japan was marked by increasing tension and corresponding attempts to use diplomacy to reduce the threat of conflict.Each side had territory and interests in Asia that they were concerned the other might threaten. U. S.  treatment of Japanese immigrants, and competition for economic and commercial opportunities in China also heightened tensions. At the same time, each country’s territoria l claims in the Pacific formed the basis for several agreements between the two nations, as each government sought to protect its own strategic and economic interests. Tensions rose over Japanese actions in northeast China and immigration to the United States. In 1905, the Japanese started to establish more formal control over South Manchuria by forcing China to give Japan ownership rights to the South Manchurian Railway.The Japanese used this opening to make further inroads into northeast China, causing the Roosevelt Administration concern that this violated the ideals of free enterprise and the preservation of China’s territorial integrity. Simultaneously, leading Japanese officials expressed frustration with the treatment of Japanese immigrants in the United States. A U. S. -Japanese treaty signed in 1894 had guaranteed the Japanese the right to immigrate to the United States, and to enjoy the same rights in the country as U. S. citizens.In 1906, however, the San Francisco Board of Education enacted a measure to send Japanese and Chinese children to segregated schools. The Government of Japan was outraged by this policy, claiming that it violated the 1894 treaty. In a series of notes exchanged between late 1907 and early 1908, known collectively as the Gentlemen’s Agreement, the U. S. Government agreed to pressure the San Francisco authorities to withdraw the measure, and the Japanese Government promised to restrict the immigration of laborers to the United States.

Political Party Systems Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, we should ask ourselves what a political party is. A political party is an organization that aims to attain political powers so that could form the government. Political parties are vehicles to democracy. The number of political parties in one country depends on historical events. Some countries have many parties which all of them are represented in the government. Other countries have only two big parties. In a country’s like china, Cuba and most African states have one party system. This single party system is what leads to dictatorship .Political parties mobilize voters across the country. Their role in political life is to draw political agendas, appointing candidates to public offices; they assess the works of those selected in offices, allocating resources to the projects that can help the society at large. Though political parties complete with each other to get in to parliament, they must work together once in parliament so that development can be achieved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In most developing nations, political parties grow or develop around one particular person who is regarded as their leader. He is believed that he could steer his people in the right direction and bring notable change in the system. There are some challenges that political parties face for example, they must develop and make the parties identity unique and strong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this essay, I am going to discuss in depth on all that appertains to political parties. That is how they are formed, their roles and their types. Political parties try to harmonize the relationship between the arms of the government like executive and the legislature.   In parliamentary systems, the party leader who’s dominate becomes the prime minister because of his status as a leader and because the party with the majority of the votes takes control of legislative and executive branches. In this system, party’s discipline must be emphasized because if leaders may deviate from the rules of the party then the government may collapse thus bringing legislature to its end. Individuals who do not act in accordance with the party’s interests are thrown out and are not allowed to take positions in that party in the future. This is mostly the punishment they get. In this form of government, the party with the majority votes forms the next government while the losers join to form the opposition government. This opposition side acts as checks and balances of the ruling government’s power. They strategize and expose the weakness of the ruling party. They control the government from misusing its power by highlighting these mistakes. This opposition government is vital and useful in parliamentary systems because lack of it can mean the government is formed by single party. This is what promotes dictatorship like in many countries in Africa and china.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another form of party system is the government system. In this form of government the relationship that exists between the legislature and the chief executive powers is very weak unlike in parliamentary types of government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are various types of party systems. For example, there is one party system, two party system and multi system. In a single party system the candidates are nominated or appointed by that party only. There is no room for the government if they exist are organized or formed not only on partisan but also on their interest. It is argued that the legislature can work better than in other governments because the legislators do not pursue different interests for they do not compete. Basically single party systems promote dictatorship or executive do domination then parties that practice multi-party because of having the upper hand in controlling the resources political and legal means of stopping other parties from introducing competition to them. They use this privilege as a tool of suppressing other parties whereby small parties become puppets of the ruling government (Aldrich J.A., 1995)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another type of party system is of two-party system. In this form of system the power to control the government lies between two big parties in that country even though there are other small parties which are represented in the government. Those who are opposed to this type of government argue that if one party is controlling the executive arm end the other dominant party is controlling the legislature the end up pursuing different goals and interest. This may lead to the political turmoil. An eventuality like this might make voters loose interest during the voting time. This is because voters fail to see the reason for voting. It is argued by many theorists that many parties can promote stability in the country and allow people from diverse communities to express their say and choices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third type of party system is multi-party system there all small parties may combine their seats to form the government. This is done when it is evident that one party alone cannot manage t o form the next government. Thus different parties come together to form an affiliation party or what is commonly known as a coalition. By doing this government manages to have seats in the parliament and thus it can easily make and pass its legislations more easily. This government being stronger than other parties can shoot down the legislations which are raised by other parties and those that are centrally to their development agendas. They do this by voting against these bills. For this form of government affiliated parties must first of all confirm to their individual legal framework and then to that of the coalition. A government which is formed by affiliated parties can work for sometime but it often faces governing difficulties as each of these parties has its own interests that it would like to pursue that are why countries with one party system do not allow multi-partism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There has also been an argument about a no party state. Is it really possible? The Ugandan president Kaguta Museveni who is the leader of the national resistance movement (NRM) has been working on a system of government that is not formed by any party. It is being called a movement government which is designed to reverse the Uganda’s past record of ethnic based violence coups as well as constitutional issues. He also took power by overthrowing the then government planned a transition in his government by creating a constitution in 1995 which stated that the president would be elected after every five years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parties enforce members to stick by the laid down rules and to create a network of communication within the legislature. They lay down the procedures for rewarding the members and for punishing the deviant members. They rules are enforced by party whips that ensures that members act in accordance with the party’s interest. In legislative party meetings, all the members may meet or some members meet in form of committees. These are formed for ironing the party differences that may arise and making legislations Within the party legislature, there are party committees which are formed to deal with a particular subject matter or may be a small part of the big system whose work is to formulate policies and decisions which are validated by votes of the members in the plenary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also party factions. These are groupings that form themselves within a larger party. They are organized on the basis of shared interest. They may be formal or informal. They may also be formed due to ethnic backgrounds common ideologies region religion gender and common interest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political parties have also what is called shadow government. It is formed by leaders of the oppositional government who are appointed by their respective parties to act as checks and balances of the ruling government. Their work is to blow the whistle wherever the government is pursuing something that is not certain its legal framework. These are found in parliamentary system of government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political parties (Satori G., 1982) act as mediators or as the bridge between the citizens and the government. In competitive democratic parties, the ruling government is pressurized to take the needs of its people in to consideration. In recruiting party supporters, political parties employ different strategies for example the parties develop among those who feel that they have been sidelined by the ruling government. It is easier for these people to form a political party because they have a â€Å"we feeling† and thus they can be easily made to form an organization. These external mobilizations are what have led to social democratic movements like fascist groups as in Germany, Europe. Most of these are formed by people who feel they are not satisfied with the ruling system of the government so these factions try to embrace the proper strategies that would incorporate the heeds of all citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political parties in a nutshell play various roles for example; they help citizens in preserving and protecting their rights and freedom. People who are democratic exercise their political rights and freedom. People who are democratic exercise their political rights of shaping their government and they do this through their political parties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political organizations act as links between the people and their representatives. It is through the political parties that people elect their representatives. Parties enlighten people on what it entails to be a good leader than they chose them wisely to represent them in public offices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the prerogative of the party that gathers the majority votes to legislate laws which government citizens. It is people who give these parties the powers to legislate laws on their behalf and it is them who can remove them from their offices if they fail to perform to the expectations of the citizens. The opposition government which is formed by the second majority is free to oppose on the government plans policies and ideals which they feel are not right and offer their own proposals to the government (Stewart D., 1978)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also through political parties that elected party representatives can be held responsible for their actions. People who do not perform enough or the party which do not perform well to people’s expectations is voted out by the same members who had voted it in. It is only through democratic party system that principles of democracy are recognized even when the competing parties fail to form the government. They accept that it is the people’s will that they did not win. They also accept that government has been chosen by the majority. But if there is no political parties and the government is seized by a group of people then people would feel conned and misrepresented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political parties allow people to represent their diversity. Most of them are formed around a set of political beliefs others are formed on economic interests. While others on shared experiences and history. Others are formed through alliances of different people who come together to win elections. Whether small or big political parties share values of compromise and tolerance, they know that it is only through cooperating with various parties and organizations that they can provide leadership and visions that can win the hearts of citizens and support (Bergland S.and Jan A, 1995)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People under political parties realize that people hold different political views. These democratic parties can come together to debate and reach to a consensus thereby solving clash of ideas and values and promoting free and public debate. However their differences may be that these people share democratic values of freedom of speech, faith and protection for all by the law. Parties that do not manage to form the government (Oslon D.M., 1994) take the role of the opposition and continue to enjoy their rights of organizing and speaking out their views knowing that later they will have a chance to form the next government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It should be known that the struggle for democracy between political parties is not a fight for whom to rule but a competition to serve people. The party systems have been in existence since 18th century. It where there are organized political groupings each of which presents its manifesto to the electorate for approval. The party with the best policies is voted in by the people. Most people who find their way to parliaments, they are sponsored by their parties. It does not matter how many political parties a country has, ,what matters is whether democratic principles are pursued for example Britain has had only two party system since 1945.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today parties often seem to struggle to impose unique and workable policies when in government. This is for the simple reasons that they cannot make a difference to the policy outcomes when they compare themselves with the former government. , the failure of the governments to identify the common persistent problems, make people to lose confidence in the government. There is another factor that makes government to be unable to cater for its people. These are things like economic globalization which incapacitates the government to meet the needs of the locals. Despite all these short comings, the roles that political parties play cannot be downplayed. They are vehicles to democracy thus the role they play in politics cannot be Reference: Bergland, S. and Jan A., 1995: The Evolution of Party System in Eastern Europe: Journal of Communist Studies. Oslon, D. M., 1994, Democratic legislature instructions:E. Sharpe Inc. New York and London. Satori G.,1982. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. New York and Cambridge University. Stewart D., 1997: The Evolving Leadership Electorate; Canadian journal of political science. Aldrich J A., 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America: University of Chicago Press.