Use of force including terrorism Research Paper

Use of force including terrorism - Research Paper Example Terrorist activities include weapons that can achieve all the works that are targeted towards the people. Terrorism is found to the strategy that is adopted by the weaker group to form a conflict and gain what they desire.Being an asymmetric manner of use of force, it involves coercive power with all the benefits of military force given at a meager cost. Terrorist groups are of secretive nature and of relatively low strength. This makes it difficult for their opponents to defend them. Opponents of all terrorist groups struggle and fail to develop a working strategy against them. They cannot often locate the group and cannot therefore fight against them. Terrorists work on a strong motivation which cannot be taken off from their mind by any force. This motivation makes them use force; perform violence and bloodshed without any hesitation. Terrorism is also an effective way to use force and make a conflict as the adversaries often fail to understand the nature of the threat. They would mistake it as a criminal activity and do not undertake the right strategy that would help them fight these groups. Because of these special characteristics of terrorist activities, terrorism has become a popular and effective way of conflict for people who have kept extreme goals before them. No other strategy can make a minority achieve a special territory. Terrorism is the method of use of force adopted by the extremist groups around the globe. However, terrorism is certainly a nebulous strategy. Even the United States government is perplexed when it comes to the matter of terrorism. Recently, multiple attacks aimed at US have been thwarted by the authorities in different countries. Two explosive packages addressed to Chicago-area synagogues have been captured. The plot brings doubt that al-Qaida is launching yet another terrorist attack on US. The US President called the attacks a credible terrorist threat. The US policy of using force, however, is less effective in checking ter rorism. As per the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, law enforcement officers are legally entitled to use force. According to The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), there are five different components in using force: physical, electronic, chemical, impact and firearm. Terrorist attacks are also of different types. First is the type of attack that involves usage of weapons with mass destruction. Next is the kind of terrorist activity that includes weapons of extensive causality. Next type of terrorist activity involves weapons that give mass disruption. Different types of terrorist activities show different types of terrorist intentions. Weapons of mass destruction used by terrorists brings damage on buildings, bridges, cultural places, computer systems, networks, parks and other communication facilities. Such attacks would destroy the major structures of the society. Weapon of mass casualty brings extensive sicknesses and deaths. For example chemical and biological weapons bring mass causality. These types of weapons are termed as weapons of mass (extensive) destruction. These weapons cause economic, political and social damage to the society that is targeted. Moreover there are magnetic pulse weapons that are intended to destroy computer operation. Cyber terrorism makes the computer hacked thereby destroying major government records and economic records (bank records). Agro terrorism is the act of blocking or destroying food supplies, fuel supplies and other major supplies. Terrorist activities include weapons that can achieve all the works that are targeted towards the people. September 11 attack was one of that kind. The attack brought mass destruction of a major infrastructure of the nation (the World Trade Centre and Pentagon). It further brought about mass causality; almost 3000 people were killed. It also made mass disruption. Loss of finance (millions of dollars) because of the absence of World Trade Centre) was one such destruction. Fear of future attack, shutdown

Enzymes in Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enzymes in Industry - Essay Example It is the aim of this paper to discuss the workings and history of enzymes and to trace its research as well as to give an overview of how enzymes have been incorporated into various facets of industry and as a result make our day- to - day lives much easier. Enzymes are proteinaceous molecules. They catalyze a variety of reactions in the cell and every living organism is dependent on them to function. Being proteins, they are sensitive to the working conditions, like temperature, pH, etc. and often have stringent requirements of these factors in order to function properly. Each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction, and this specificity is one of the hallmarks of an enzyme. In addition, each enzyme also has certain conditions within which it will be active. The conditions vary from enzyme to enzyme, though there is generally a common overlap amongst them. However, some proteins will be more stable than others under condition x than others, or will have a wider range of toleration to circumstances. Enzymes in industry have their roots in the earliest civilizations. Fermentation of grapes to make wine is one of the earliest recorded uses of enzymes. Also recorded is the fermentation of milk to yield cheese and yoghurt. However, though they have been recorded, the significance of the process of fermentation was not looked deeply into for many centuries. People slowly became aware of yeast as a source of this fermenting activity. However it was not until the beginning of the 19th century that enzyme research as a field really took off. The history of enzyme research is given below. History Timeline 1810 - Joseph Gay Lussac discovers that the principle products of sugar decomposition in yeastare ethanol and carbon dioxide. 1835 - Jacob Berzelius postulates the first general theory of chemical catalysis by showing that malt extracts (diastase) were capable of better catalysis of starch hydrolysis than sulfuric acid. Mid 19th century - Pasteur proposes that fermentation can only occur in living cells; he assumes a "vital force" that is capable of this process and says that dead cells cannot catalyse fermentation. J. Liebig opposes this theory, postulating that biological reactions are caused by substances called 'ferments' which are themselves not living organisms. 1864 - Hansen extracts chymosin from calf stomach (rennet) and uses it to ripen and manufacture cheese. This appears to be the first industrial use. 1876 - William Kuhne coins the term "enzyme" in an attempt to emphasize that it is not the yeast but something within its cell that causes fermentation. Late 1800s - Jokichi Takamine is the first person to isolate an enzyme, Takadiastase, from a microbe, Aspergillus oryzae 1894 - Emil Fischer discovers that glycolytic enzymes can distinguish between stereoisomeric sugars leading to the lock- and - key hypothesis. 1897 - Eduard Buchner ends the debate on what causes fermentation by showing that a cell-free yeast extract is still capable of carrying out fermentation. 1917 - Bacterial amylase is used by Boiden and Effront to perform textile desizing. Pre- W.W.I - Otto Rohm uses pancreatic extracts to bate leather. He also later used enzymes in detergents. 1926 - James Sumner crystallizes the enzyme jack bean urease, demonstrating conclusively that enzymes are proteins. Mid- 1930s - John Northrop, Moses Kunitz confirm the proteinaceous nature of enzymes by showing a direct correlation