Human and Animal Interrelationships Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human and Animal Interrelationships - Term Paper Example nimal research") The significance of such experiments is difficult to exaggerate, however it is important to prove the necessity and the role of such researches. The main advances that changed the medicine due to animal research are discovery of penicillin, first antibiotic for tuberculosis, medicine for meningitis, vaccine for poliomyelitis, introduction of kidney transplantation and many others ("Medical advances and animal research") All the researches, mentioned above, used mice in the experiments, which together with rats are the most popular animals of medical research. Rats and mice are inexpensive, unpretentious in care and food, live only for 2 or 3 years. The discoveries, which were made as a result of the experiments with mice and rats, helped their authors to win more than 30 Nobel Prizes. One of the significant discoveries, which engaged mice together with rabbits, was development of in vitro fertilization, which was performed by Robert Edwards in 1950-1960s. However he received his Nobel Prize only in 2010. This discovery helped the infertile families to have babies: more than 4 million of people were born due to the results of experiments ("The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010. Robert G. Edwards"). Another fatal disease, for which the scientists hope to find the treatment using animal research, is Duchene dystrophy. Duchene muscular dystrophy is one of the most widespread forms of muscles dystrophy. The gene, which is responsible for muscle development, is corrupted, and muscles cells eventually die in the organism. The disease is congenital and affects mostly boys. There is no treatment for Duchene dystrophy at present, however scientists hope to find one soon with the help of animals, which are used for testing agents, that might help to reverse the deadly processes in muscles. The Italian scientists experimented with using stem cells from the blood vessels of dogs to treat their natural dystrophy mutation, which helped to stop its

Decersion Escolar En Mexico

Decersion Escolar En Mexico Los problemasescolares son algunas dificultades que sufren los estudiantes y esto conlleva la desercià ³n, en un estudio realizado llegà ³ a la conclusià ³n que la desercià ³n escolar es consecuencia de la implementacià ³n de una polà ­tica educativa que no està ¡ acorde a las necesidades del los alumnos. Los problemas mà ¡s frecuentes que se presentan en las aulas son, problemas de conducta, fracaso escolar, la falta de motivacià ³nen la familia, entre otros factores mà ¡s, (Monografà ­as, 2007). La desercià ³n es un fenà ³meno que se da cuando una persona en edad escolar abandona sus estudios de manera definitiva para dedicarse a otra actividad. Éste fenà ³meno se presenta en todos los niveles educativos, sus causas son multifactoriales, esto lo hace que sea mà ¡s difà ­cil de suprimir. Podemos clasificar sus causas en dos vertientes: Causas externas a la escuela y causas internas a la escuela. Las causas externas a la escuela tienen que ver con acciones que se dan fuera del entorno escolar. La pobreza, sin duda alguna es una de las principales, y mà ¡s difà ­ciles de aniquilar, à ©sta sirve de base para detonar otras causas. Estudiar conlleva un gasto, de eso no queda duda, cada inicio de curso los padres tienen que realizar un gran esfuerzo para poder suplir la lista de à ºtiles que la escuela exige, debemos ser consientes que para muchas familias de Mà ©xico sustituir esta lista serà ­a gastar el salario de una semana o mà ¡s, es por ello que la familia muchas veces prefiere que no asistan a clases para que de esta manera aporten con su trabajo algo de dinero para el sustento del hogar. La migracià ³n es otra de las causas externas mà ¡s comunes y en la mayorà ­a de los casos està ¡ muy ligada a la pobreza, los padres van de un lugar a otro en busca de trabajo, llevan a sus hijos consigo y es difà ­cil volverlos a incorporar a otra escuela nuevamente, lo cual propicia de manera inevitable la desercià ³n escolar. En todos los aspectos de nuestra vida, la familia es un elemento muy influyente, en la educacià ³n juega un papel de suma importancia, si los padres motivan a sus hijos, les dan su apoyo, es muy probable que estos nià ±os salgan adelante, desafortunadamente no todos los padres comprenden la importancia de legar a sus hijos educacià ³n, su falta de motivacià ³n e indiferencia pueden orillar a la desercià ³n, esto generalmente viene asociado con su escasa preparacià ³n acadà ©mica. Una de las cosas mà ¡s valiosas que todo individuo tiene es su salud, existen situaciones en las que el alumno enferma, lo cual le impide asistir a clases y por lo tanto deserta. Es una ironà ­a decir que la misma escuela provoca la desercià ³n pero en muchos de los casos asà ­ es y es aquà ­ donde entran las causas internas a la escuela. Muchas veces los mismos maestros pueden provocar la desercià ³n escolar, al utilizar una disciplina rà ­gida y cerrada, al calificar a los alumnos de cierta   manera, al no preparar sus clases de manera adecuada, provocando aburrimiento. Se debe poner especial cuidado en el mà ©todo disciplinario que se utiliza, no debe ser muy rà ­gido pero tampoco tan suave como para propiciar la falta de respeto entre compaà ±eros y maestros. La reprobacià ³n es probablemente la causa interna mà ¡s influyente, ya que el alumno se siente avergonzado y no quiere asistir por temor a la burla de los compaà ±eros, la reprobacià ³n puede ser un resultado de problemas familiares, econà ³micos y sociales, lleva estrecha relacià ³n con las causas externas. Como podemos ver la desercià ³n escolar es un problema muy complejo y de gran trascendencia, ya que de alguna u otra manera frena el desarrollo de la sociedad. Es necesario realizar un trabajo conjugado, tanto maestros, padres, alumnos y sociedad para poder erradicar el problema. Como maestros debemos realizar nuestra labor con amor, dedicacià ³n, y paciencia, debemos encontrar formas de llevar la clase de una manera dinà ¡mica, interesarnos realmente por lo alumnos, motivarlos, resaltar sus virtudes y fortalecer sus debilidades. La influencia que ejerzamos sobre nuestros alumnos puede ser determinante para su futuro.  Un profesor trabaja para la eternidad: nadie puede decir dà ³nde acaba su influencia La desercià ³n escolar es un problema educativo que afecta al desarrollo de la sociedad, y se da principalmente por falta de recursos econà ³micos y por una desintegracià ³n familiar (Jà ¡uregui,). Es un problema educativo, que afecta el desarrollo del individuà ³ que està ¡ dejando de asistir a la escuela y tambià ©n de la sociedad en la que aquà ©l, està ¡ conviviendo. (Dr. Salvador Cà ¡rdenas). Es el desinterà ©s por el estudio en los escolares a causa de problemas socioculturales, emocionales, etc. que vive el educando. Es el rechazo a adquirir conocimientos de gran nivel, la cual es consecuencia de una baja autoestima a no querer sobresalir. Es el abandono parcial o total de la educacià ³n escolarizada. Son varias las razones para que se dà © la desercià ³n. Entre las que mà ¡s comunes està ¡n el factor econà ³mico, un medio comunitario que no alienta la educacià ³n escolarizada, el bajo rendimiento, etc. (Deficià ³n.org) Se puede decir que la autoestima es la visià ³n que tiene una persona de sà ­ mismo, esta oracià ³n resume quizà ¡s un concepto amplio y tratado por muchos autores y tratadistas de la materia. Lo que sà ­ es cierto que si una persona no tiene claro hacia donde quiere ir serà ¡ muy difà ­cil que vea, que a travà ©s de la educacià ³n formal pueda alcanzar mejores condiciones de vida. En la educacià ³n creo que nos falta mà ¡s responsabilidad a nosotros como alumnos y a los padres hacer à ©nfasis y fomentarnos la enseà ±anza desde chicos, Pero hay casos en los que la falta de recursos econà ³micos juega un papel importante y orilla a los jà ³venes a desertar, la problemà ¡tica de la desercià ³n escolar tambià ©n se debe a muchas de las adicciones que hoy en dà ­a se ve que es la drogadiccià ³n y no solo eso afecta a todos los estudiantes, sino que tambià ©n tiene que ver mucho los medios que ellos ven como son los videojuegos que hoy en dà ­a hay son muy violentos y eso atrofian la mente de los jà ³venes y la mayorà ­a deserta por la falta de dinero à ³sea la economà ­a.

1970s Religion and Policies for Today :: Essays Papers

1970s Religion and Policies for Today I vividly remember sitting in my ninth grade world history class, only six short years ago, when my teacher announced that next week we would begin a four week study on world religions. A nervous murmur swept through thirty students, all thinking the same thought, â€Å"oh no, here we go again.† Why is religion in our preparatory schools such a touchy topic? Teachers would rather not address religion or they carefully tip-toeing around the topic? While attending Big Bear High School (a typical southern California school with about 1,000 students) I learned a lot about how religion is taught and how religious issues are handled. Raised in a Christian home, having my father teaching at the same school I attended, and practicing Christianity my entire life, I watched carefully throughout my high school education to see how my teachers would deal with the world and U.S. religions that play an enormous role in the history of our world and country. I am primarily interested in how religion was taught in the early 1970s. Including: what religions were covered, how they were integrated into the text, and the values of the religion that were presented. With my interest in possibly majoring in religious studies I feel that I have an excellent understanding of how religion is taught in our high schools today, but I don’t have a thorough understanding of what it was like to grow up in school in the 1970s and go through school. How was religion presented in the textbooks of schools in the 1970s? My primary goal of this paper is to further my understanding of religion in high schools of the 1970s. Then I would like to further my study by looking at newer documents and regulations that are in place now to govern religion that is taught and expressed in our schools today. What I expect to find is that religion was taught similarly in the 70s without all the newer policies and guidelines of today. Lastly I would like to look at how these policies and regulations in our public schools are affecting our students.

My Scholarship

Learning is never confined within the four walls of a classroom. However, it is through the four portals of the academe wherein the appreciation of learning begins. It is a domain wherein Ideas and theories clash, different views and perspectives are expressed and the onward steps to civilization are witnessed. Indeed, the education system is one of the most potent instruments of every country. It establishes the foundation of a strong and every state. Anyone who receives good training is armed with confidence, stature and grace. Education acts as an efficient shield against any adversities that are encountered in the real world. An educated individual enjoys the privileges of encountering different chances and opportunities that can improve his or her life and therefore contribute to the whole community. For every parent, seeing their child attain a degree is something that they can be proud of. All the years of struggles and hardships has finally come to an end since education is indeed, one of the best gifts that any parent can provide. Likewise, this scenario has also created a great impact and change in my life. It has been quite some time when I received my high school diploma. Looking back, the ephemeral and nostalgic moments bring back a hodge-podge of bitter-sweet memories. But I guess, none can be sweeter when I was admitted in the College of Technology. The institution offers two year courses to bachelor degrees in computer-related courses such as programming, network administration etc. The institution is known for drafting students who have the potential to pursue a bachelor degree. For two and a half years, I have survived all the storms that came along my way. It was indeed a great battle, but I managed to pull it off. All the blood, sweat and tears that I have rendered are worth the wait since I was able to finish my two year course. However, this did not prevent me from achieving one of my most precious dreams—and that is to attain a bachelor degree. Fueled with motivation and desire, I started to work so that I can support myself. Afterwards, I gathered all my guts and applied for a degree in the college. Unfortunately, my hopes and dreams seemed to disappear into thin air. My GBA did not qualify. The college requires a grade of more than three and a half. I must admit that at some point I felt discouraged. It seemed that hope has finally betrayed me. But then again, the warrior in me refused to give up.   I know that rough seas make a skillful sailor. I continued working for three long years. I consider it as a blessing when I was immediately hired right after I graduated. Those opportunities do not usually come to other individuals. Others have to wait for months before they can finally get a decent job. Mostly of my previous work were on a temporary basis. Yet in a short span of time that I have stayed in a particular company, I have gained a lot. The experiences I have encountered exposed me to different situations wherein my decision making skills were continuously challenged. Those were the times when I seized the opportunity to develop more of my talents and skills. I knew that in the future, I would surely benefit from it. During those moments, each day is a lesson learned mistakes to correct and small steps to the fulfillment of my long term goals and dreams. As I overcome the challenges that I encountered I am gaining more experiences that are related to my course. The jobs that I have entered served as a good training ground and inspiration for me to pursue my dreams. As I continue with my life, the awaited opportunity came and knocked me off by surprise. The minister of high education announced that the government is now opening its doors to individuals who want to pursue their degrees in the United States. Scholarships were offered to those who are highly interested. At first, I have no idea that such situation would occur. This is most especially true when the 9/11 attacks took place. Before the tragic event, the ministry of the higher education used to launch scholarship programs to different countries. These include the United States and the United Kingdom. However, when the attacks occurred, scholarship programs in the United States were suspended until 2004. By the time 2004 came, the king of Saudi Arabia negotiated with the American government. The two parties decided to open the scholarship program once again. At first I was having doubts on whether I should seize such opportunity—to a certain extent that the mere thought of applying for the scholarship program sent shiver to my spine. Finally I gathered all my guts and fill out the online application. Hesitations, anxieties and nervousness accompanied me as I answered every question. Will I be accepted? Will I be rejected? These are the questions that entered my mind. Deep inside of me, I know that I have the smallest chances of being accepted. I know that there are other individuals who are better than me and competition is indeed very fierce and stiff. Yet, ten minutes after, a shocking revelation engulfed my soul. I received an email stating that I was chosen as one of the scholarship program’s candidates. At first, I cannot believe my eyes. It seemed like I was trapped in a beautiful dream wherein waking up translates to a sorrowful requiem. Honestly, I found it hard to convince myself that I was among the chosen few. There are many aspirants and I am included in the crà ¨me of the crop. A miracle was happening and I could not believe my eyes. All the memories that I had three years ago flash back. During those times I was heavily preoccupied in processing my application for a university in Saudi Arabia and several minutes later, the last thing I knew was that I was already a candidate for the United State’s scholarship program. I wasted no time and immediately processed all my papers and necessary documents. I now have the chance and the opportunity that I have been waiting for such a long time. Now that it was already within my grasp, I never wanted it to vanish in an instant. Upon the completion of the requirements, I submitted it to the ministry of higher education. Afterwards, I got my schedule for the initial interview. Armed with courage and bravery I faced the scrutinizing eyes and critical minds of the panelists. The panel was comprised of respectable members of the academe. Doctors and professors who are working in Saudi Arabia universities are chosen to be among the panelists and they know whether the applicants or students were serious via asking certain questions like: why are you going there? and why did they choose such majors? Through answering those questions, the panel determined whether the applicant is indeed serious about the scholarship program. I was hoping that I would pass the interview and my instincts never failed me. I saw my name in the list. A month later, I was required to take yet another test. It is similar to SAT which seems to be its counterpart in Arabic. The exam concentrated on math, physics and chemistry. When I was told that I passed the exam, I could not feel anything but joy and excitement. I was aware that I was already on the final step. I had another interview in the United States’ embassy in Saudi Arabia. This time, the interview is for my visa. An American guy asked me questions that are related to my degree of specialization, the reason behind choosing it, the state where I came from and how long will I stay in the country. I gathered all my confidence and answered all the questions with honesty. After that I was told that I will get my visa after a week. Within the week, I was filled with joy and enthusiasm as I received my passport and student’s visa. The long wait is over, my destiny’s already fulfilled.   

Boys don’t play with dolls’ Essay

The Vietnam War is still the United States’ most famous (or infamous) war even if new conflicts have risen over the years. The numerous films made about the Vietnam War are a testament to its fame (or infamy). This paper would be a review of two internet sites reviewing the cause of conflict, social stratification, type of conflict, and how the war ended. According to vietnampix. com the war on Vietnam started because of the splitting of the country. The French used to dominate Vietnam but when they were defeated, the country was divided into two. Sometime between 1955 and 1960, the communist occupied North Vietnam tried to invade the Democratic South. Aided by two other communist countries China and Russia, the North was determined to conquer the whole country. Fearing the spread of communism, the US had to interfere. (The Vietnam War Background). Social Stratification had a big role in the war; in fact, it is part of the cause. Communism is based on a form of society where everybody else is equal, except for the officials. Democracy on the other hand believes in open opportunities for all. Not being able to agree on this divided the country which would eventually lead to the Vietnam War. The type of conflict of the Vietnam War is a mixture of different types. It was first a revolution against France which has ruled the country for a long time. And then it became a Civil War as the country was divided into two halves—the communist North and the democratic South led by Ngo Dinh Diem. (Vietnam. vassar. edu). It quickly became a feud of all sorts when America decided to take part in the war in order to stop the spread of communism in the world. On paper, the conflict was ended through the Paris Peace Agreement in January 1973 but hostilities between opposing forces were still happening. (Vietnam. vassar. edu). The result of the conflict were, a rare US loss, millions of lives gone, and a country devastated. References Vietnampix. com (n. d). The Vietnam War: Background. Retrieved June 25, 2009. from: http://www. vietnampix. com/intro. htm Vassar College (n. d). The Wars of Vietnam. Retrieved June 25, 2009. from: http://vietnam. vassar. edu/overview. html

Canadian Economy essays

Canadian Economy essays 1. Why are small businesses important to the Canadian economy? Small businesses have a strong presence in the Canadian economy as well as most countries in Europe. The contribution of a small business can be measured in terms of its effect on financial aspects in the economy. For example small businesses create 8 out of every 10 jobs, this presence holds great strengths in our Canadian economy. 2. What are the characteristics of a small business? There are three characteristics of a small business: Job Creation, Innovation, and importance to big businesses. Small businesses construct job creation, as a matter of fact a widely circulated study showed that small businesses created 8 of every 10 new jobs. Small business especially in certain industries is an important source of new and well paid jobs in this country. Small firms are also the first to hire in times of economic recovery. Innovation is such a large part of our small businesses in Canada. History has shown that some of the most greatest inventions have come from small businesses. For example: Personal computers, the jet engine, the ball point pen, photocopy machine, etc. The wealth of a big business providing a product is extremely dependent on small businesses, most of the products made by big manufactures are sold to consumers by small businesses. 3. What are the characteristics of an entrepreneur? The characteristics of an entrepreneur can very, most successful have characteristics that set them apart from other business owners. Some of the characteristics include: a resourcefulness and a concern for good, often personal, customer relations, desire to be their own bosses, many express a need to gain control over their lives or build for their families, and believe that building a successful business will help them do that. Most common characteristics of an entrepreneur are as follows: Assertiveness, challenge seeking, charismatic, creative,...

The Man Of A Million Faces Essays - English-language Films

The Man Of A Million Faces Essays - English-language Films The Man Of A Million Faces The Man of a Million Faces Jim Carrey is a man who excels at the field of comedy and acting. The reason that he excels is that he is very down to earth, his personality personifies how a lot of teenagers act and feel today, and he is extremely popular. James Eugene Carrey seems to be one of the most down to earth people that you will ever see on television. Whether it is on the Tonight Show or Entertainment Tonight, Jim can turn any dull moment into something comedic. When I was recently reading about him I found out that although he is a superstar he enjoys many of the same things that us regular people like. For example Jims favorite kind of food is sandwiches, chips, and a little bowl of ice cream for dessert. He really is not in to the whole glamorous celebrity thing. He enjoys the simple things in life. I also learned that Jim loves cartoons and his favorite character is Deputy Dog. Jim also wears something that a lot of men and women wear, Fruit of the Loom underwear. According to my reading they are the undergarments of choice for a lot of celebrities. Finally, and I think this is more than anyone needs to know, Jim prefers Charmin toilet paper. I do not know why anyone would really care about this but it was listed as a fac t about him. Another reason that he is so good at what he does is that he acts just like the kids that are watching his movies. After a Jim Carrey movie is released I suggest that you listen to a few conversations among teenagers. You are almost assured the latest Jim Carrey quote, and you can be sure that an impersonation is not far behind. There is just something about what he says that sticks in teenagers minds. Something else that sets Jim apart from all the rest is his uncanny way of making faces. Sometimes you have to wonder if his jaw is dislocated. He can do things with his mouth no other human can accomplish. It is unbelievable. I think that the biggest reason that he is so well liked is his performance in Ace Ventura; Pet Detective. He did something that a lot of teenagers and adults wish they could do. He talked to his bus through his behind. Most employees feel like doing that at least once a week, if not more. The last reason that he excels is the demand to have him in movies and to appear at your function, whatever it may be. For example recently he appeared on the MTV Video Music Awards. Jim has nothing to do with music, but is name alone as a headliner could have been the cause of the huge crowd. His presence in a movie can literally make or break it. He has starred in the blockbusters, Ace Ventura, Dumb and Dumber, The Truman Show, Man on the Moon, and the upcoming How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Since 1982 Carrey has starred in 20 movies and numerous television shows. He also has won and been nominated for many awards. So as you can see Jim Carrey is a very good actor and comedian. He is in high demand and is loved by many.

Summary and Review of Proof, a Play from David Auburn

Summary and Review of Proof, a Play from David Auburn Proof  by David Auburn premiered on Broadway in October 2000. It received national attention, earning the Drama Desk Award, the Pulitzer Prize, and the Tony Award for Best Play. The play is intriguing with fascinating dialogue and two characters who are well-developed and an academic, mathematical theme. It does, however, have a few downfalls. Plot Overview of Proof Catherine, the twenty-something daughter of an esteemed mathematician, has just laid her father to rest. He died after suffering from a prolonged mental illness. Robert, her father, had once been a gifted, ground-breaking professor. But as he lost his sanity, he lost his ability to coherently work with numbers. The audience quickly learns: Catherine is brilliant in her own right, but she fears that she might possess the same mental illness which ultimately incapacitated her father.Her older sister wants to take her to New York where she can be cared for, in an institution if need be.Hal (a devoted student of Roberts) searches through the professors files hoping to discover something usable so that his mentors final years wont have been a complete waste. During the course of his research, Hal discovers a pad of paper filled with profound, cutting-edge calculations. He incorrectly assumes the work was Roberts. In truth, Catherine wrote the mathematic proof. No one believes her. So now she must provide proof that the proof belongs to her. (Note the double-entendre in the title.) What Works in Proof? Proof  works very well during the father-daughter scenes. Of course, there are only a couple of these since the father character, after all, is dead. When Catherine does converse with her father, these flashbacks reveal her often conflicting desires. We learn that Catherines academic goals are thwarted by her responsibilities to her ailing father. Her creative urges are offset for her propensity for lethargy. And she worries that her so-far undiscovered genius might be a tell-tale symptom of the same affliction to which her father succumbed. David Auburns writing is at its most heartfelt when father and daughter express their love (and sometimes despair) for math. There is a poetry to their theorems. In fact, even when Roberts logic has failed him, his equations exchange rationality for a unique form of poetry: Catherine (Reading from her fathers journal.)Let X equal the quantities of all quantities of X.Let X equal the cold.Its cold in December.The months of cold equal November through February. Another strong point of the play is Catherine herself. She is a strong female character: incredibly bright, but by no means prone to flaunting her intellect. She is by far the most well-rounded of the characters (in fact, with the exception of Robert, the other characters seem bland and flat by comparison). Proof  has been embraced by colleges and high school drama departments. And with a leading character like Catherine, it is easy to understand why. A Weak Central Conflict One of the major conflicts of the play is Catherines inability to convince Hal and her sister that she actually invented the proof in her fathers notebook. For a while, the audience ​is unsure as well. After all, Catherines sanity is in question. Also, she has yet to graduate from college. And, to add one more layer of suspicion, the math is written in her fathers handwriting. But Catherine has a lot of other things on her plate. Shes dealing with grief, sibling rivalry, romantic tension, and the slow sinking feeling of losing ones mind. She isnt terribly concerned about proving that the proof is hers. She is deeply annoyed that the people closest to her fail to believe her. For the most part, she doesnt spend much time trying to prove her case. In fact, she even tosses the notepad down, saying that Hal can publish it under his name. Ultimately, because she doesnt really care about the proof, we the audience dont care too much about it either, thereby diminishing the conflict. A Poorly Conceived Romantic Lead One more downside: Hal. This character is sometimes nerdy, sometimes romantic, sometimes charming. But for the most part, hes a dweeb. Hes the most skeptical about Catherines academic abilities, yet it seems that if he wanted, he could talk to her for about five minutes and discover her mathematical skills. But he never bothers until the plays resolution. Hal never states this, but it seems that his main contention against Catherines authorship of the proof boils down to sexism. Throughout the play, he seems on the verge of shouting: You couldnt have written this proof! Youre just a girl! How could you be good at math? Sadly, theres a half-hearted love story tacked on. Or maybe its a lust story. Its hard to say. During the second half of the play, Catherines sister discovers that Hal and Catherine have been sleeping together. Their sexual relationship seems very casual, but it does kick the level of betrayal up a notch when Hal continues to doubt Catherines genius.

The intersection of private and public - analysis synthesis, and Essay

The intersection of private and public - analysis synthesis, and personal meaning - Essay Example She always faces many obstacles along her journey, including fear of losing her job, the physical pain of her scalded and bleeding feet, and the possibility of being beaten or worse for speaking up because of color of her face. Odessa makes a very courageous decision to go public with her desire and hope for a more just society and equality for her people. On the other hand, in the beginning of the movie, Miriam is not really even aware of racism. Miriam has lived her private white life not really understanding or even caring about what is happening around her in the public area. She is so blind to the fact that racism could invade her private life that she sends her daughter with the black maid to the â€Å"white† park, resulting in Odessa’s expulsion from that park. Before the bus boycott starts, Miriam is worry about whether Odessa will come to her house to clean the house. When Odessa is unable to be on time for work or not to come to her house, Miriam starts to feel some personal consequences of racism because her house cleaning expectations were not being met. After she starts driving into Odessa’s world, and sees how different life is beyond her community, she starts to change from a very private person who just wants her house cleaned to a person with moral spirit. As a result, Miriam makes the brave decision to break out of her very private â€Å"white† community and become a public figure in order to stand up against racism. She against her husband and drives into Odessa’s neighborhood to pick her up and eventually begins a carpool to drive Odessa’s neighbors as well. By her actions, she displays her hope in a racially equal world with more justice for the black people. This story stands as an example how small gestures can have a great impact on society. Much can be accomplished when the people, white and black both, work together to effect change. This was the basis of the Civil

Individual Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Reflective Report - Essay Example The evaluation aims to explore strategic patterns and outcomes, highlighting the approach to strategic decision-making adopted within the group in its handling of strategic issues and tensions like puzzle, dilemma, trade-off or paradox. The report also refers to the core module materials in our discussion. The core module materials refer to attachment and referencing requirements. The report has evidence of strategy, leadership, and significant learning related to strategy and career future. It also includes team behavior, coordination in the group. Good planning, monitoring, evaluating, and enhancing the contribution of the group by setting up comprehensible links between the past, present and future plans and development results. Monitoring and evaluation helps the group to extract information from the past and present, which are used as a basis of pragmatic, fine-tuning, reorientation and future planning (De Wit & Meyer 2010). Effective planning helps to establish whether the grou p work is progressing, moving in the right direction and whether success can be acclaimed in the future. 2.0 Team Role 2.1 Individuals role in the group (a) The group acting product manager The product manager takes the role of comprehending the market demands and trends and aligning those demands to the roadmaps of Vassal Mobile Company. ... (c) Technology officer The technology officer has the role of product innovation and development of its technology as Vassal Technology Officer. The technology officer concentrates on progressive technology products growth and ensuring they are successful to global new markets (Fleischer & Bensoussan 2004). 2.2 My role as the group coordinator As the group chairman, I coordinate the company’s business growth and guide the strategic direction (Fitzroy & Hulbert 2005). I lead and make prosperous technology of the company in the area of Distribution of product, Cable, Mobile and industries of Semiconductor. I lead venture, estimate funds of providers of hardware/software infrastructure concentrating on management of the rich media. I lead innovation and technology development of product as coordinator of Vassal Technology group. In this way, my focus is on creating progressive technology product and to successfully bring these mobile products to new markets. As the team coordinat or, I ensure there are markets of Cable, Internet and Enterprise, as they have grown in the rich media growth. It is through this process that I have comprehended the main technology and drivers of the market and have realized how multiple companies tackle the challenges. 3.0 Strategies 3.1. Strategy management of Vassal Mobile Company group Vassal company experience in sales and marketing, as an initial technology in old and present day media, has set the goal of acquiring 500 clients consisting of the present media, social TV and marketing through the internet. The leading company teams build infrastructure technology in platforms of retail and network while

Reading assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reading - Assignment Example However it is also a clear fact that there are factors which anteceded the triggering factor described herein. The antecedent factor to the police shooting had its underpinnings in the ideological persuasions which sovereign citizens believe in. Sovereign citizens believe that being under the control of the government is wrong and for this reason, they believe that they are not under the control of the government. Members of sovereign citizens eschew being under government control because they believe that local, federal and state governments are operating illegally, since they (members of the group) exist outside these governments’ jurisdiction. Because of this, members of sovereign citizens believe that they are free from government control and therefore have their own code of law which they follow (Pierce, 1). As is provided for by the FBI, the beliefs above as held by sovereign citizens in turn have their underpinnings in the Redemption Theory. This theory holds that the U S government in 1993 when it abandoned its gold standard basis for currency and instead began to use its citizens as collateral in international trade agreements (FBI, 1). As a side note and from a common sense point of view, it is clear that any state which uses its citizens as collateral in any engagement is unjust and illegitimate, though this accusation which sovereign citizens level against the US government is not true. However, because of this false charge against the government, sovereign citizens see the supposed dereliction on gold standard as the basis for currency in 1993 as a gateway for illegal and criminal activities since the US federal, state and local governments have hitherto not been acting in the interests of Americans. The culmination of the immediate foregoing has thus been a catalogue of criminal and illegal activities which stem from one superordinate crime: personal abnegation from the responsibilities and duties of being an American citizen. Because of thi s, sovereign citizens do not pay taxes, do not drive on a state driver’s license and do not obey the law. Other criminal activities which sovereign citizens engage in because of their belief in the Redemption Theory are defrauding of banks, the US government, fraud (mail, mortgage, bank and wire), the selling and purchase of contraband such as firearms and money laundering. It is important to note that the perpetuation of sovereign citizens’ Redemption Theory and belonging to sovereign citizens heavily rely on the aforementioned criminal activities. In fact, the exaction of these crimes is the Redemption Scheme. Without crime as the Redemption Scheme, Redemption Theory crumbles. Against this backdrop, sovereign citizens illegally possess firearms and other weapons to eliminate the law enforcers and to thwart the arrest of their members. The same group uses crime to disintegrate and emasculate the government which they believe is illegitimate. Conclusion All the above u nderscores the fact that sovereign citizens have always come to view all law enforcement agencies and their officers as propagators and facilitators of an illegality, since they work for and defend an illegal government. With this twisted logic, sovereign citizens on one hand and law enforcement officers and law abiding on the other hand have lived in parallel systems: the police seek to ensure adherence to traffic rules while sovereign citizens

What are the strengths and weaknesses of an artificial kidney based on Essay

What are the strengths and weaknesses of an artificial kidney based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells - Essay Example In the search for alternative treatment of such diseases, kidney transplant emerged as the most viable option, which has been applied extensively. Nevertheless, despite kidney transplant being a successful option, the costs and the difficulty in finding the kidneys for transplant has promoted another alternative search, this time that entails the application of artificial kidney, based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells. This alternative is being widely studied and experimented, since it has shown some rays of hope that it might emerge as a viable alternative for addressing the problem. The discovery of this bio-artificial kidney has shown some potential of saving the life of people who have acute renal failures (Fawcett, 2004 n.p.). The study undertaken with 10 patients with acute kidney problems indicated that the artificial kidney that is based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells, is well tolerated by the adult human body, and has the potential of improving their conditions (Fawcett, 2004 n.p.). However, despite this ray of hope, there is a need to understand how the bio-artificial kidney operates. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the viability of the bio-artificial kidney, with a view to understand the advantages and disadvantages of its application. First, the strength of this bio-artificial kidney is, that it will be the first device of its kind to be implanted inside the body of humans, as opposed to the use of dialysis machines, which are connected to the body externally, and are used to filter the body waste mechanically (Boyle, 2010 n.p.). Therefore, this device eliminates all the inconvenience that are involved in mechanical removal of wastes from the body, considering that the device will be implanted inside the body of a patient, and thus will be performing continuously, as does the normal kidney (Fawcett, 2004 n.p.). The mechanical removal of human waste is associated with a lot of challenges. Most fundamental is t he fact that; the patient is not continuously involved in the removal of body wastes, but has to do it occasionally as programmed through the use of the dialysis machine. This puts the patients at a higher health risk, since the wastes may accumulate at a rate that was not anticipated by the physician, and thus cause the intoxication of the human body, while he/she still awaits the mechanical removal of wastes (Boyle, 2010 n.p.). It is in this consideration that the artificial kidney, based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells, is found to be advantageous, since it works like a normal kidney, without the need for programmable removal of kidney wastes. The application of this bio-artificial kidney eliminates the need to locate a patient close to a dialysis center, while also removing the need for them to undergo the extremely consuming procedure. The other strength associated with the use of the artificial kidney, based on the use of proximal convoluted tubule cells is that ; this artificial kidney is developed using the normal biological kidney cells (Fawcett, 2004 n.p.). The kidney is made up of a cartridge that is lined up with renal proximal tubule cells, which helps the kidney to operate like it was a normal kidney. This is because, the cells performs the most vital functions of the kidney, which is the filtration and separation of the kidney waste components from the vital electrolytes, salt, glucose and water, which are essential for the normal body functioning (Boyle, 2010 n.p.). Therefore, the artificial kidney prevents the loss of most important components of the blood system, which would otherwise have been lost through the

Summarization for 7 chapter of the weather makers Essay - 1

Summarization for 7 chapter of the weather makers - Essay Example The effects of clouds on global warming are still being investigated (Flannery 153-165). The Commitment and Approaching Extreme Danger (Seventeen) Although most of the greenhouse gases that was emitted during the WWI as our great-grand mothers stoked their fuel stoves is still warming the earth, It is not until about 2050 that we will be able to begin feeling the full effect of those greenhouse gases that happen to still be in circulation. The Earth’s current average temperature stands at around 59 degrees F and a slight increase could potentially wipe out most of the world’s species and billions of people (Flannery 166-170). Leveling the Mountains (Eighteen) The temperature drops by about 1 degree F for every distance of about one hundred yards travelled up a mountain. Without this effect, mountains would not be any different from the lowlands that surround them. In the past, when the world warmed at a rapid pace, most of the mountain-dwelling species used to inexorabl y and swiftly retreat to the cooler higher regions. It is possible to accurately calculate when some of these mountain dwelling species will become extinct given the current rate of global warming. The only species that stands to gain from the effects of global warming as animals retreat to the cooler temperatures are the four strains of malaria causing parasites (Flannery 171-177). How Can They Keep On Moving? (Nineteen) This is a brief chapter of the book in which Flannery seeks to explain just how climate change might potentially impact the world’s various habitats in the coming decades. Previously, Most of the world’s species had been able to escape the potentially catastrophic effects of climate change by moving up the mountains to the cooler parts where they could be able to find favorable temperatures necessary for their survival. However, as a result of global warming, there has been the formation of large water bodies being formed from the melting ice that ser ve in inhibiting the movement of these animals up the mountains. Various human activities such as buildings and fences are also playing a huge role in blocking the routes that these species normally use for migration. The effects of climate change are not limited to affecting only the animal species as various plant species are also being negatively impacted as well. Flannery explains how they fynbos which is one of the six floral kingdoms in the world and is found in the Cape Fold Mountains stands to lose nearly half of all its present species by the year 2050 if migration is restricted. Flannery is keen to point out that if immediate action were to be taken, we could potentially be able to save at least two species for every species that is killed failure to this, three out of every five of these species will not survive to see the turn of the century (Flannery 178-183). Boiling the Abyss (Twenty) In the past, scientist thought that the dying of most deep-sea dwelling fish immedia tely they happened to be brought up to the surface by the trawling nets used by marine biologists was attributed to the change in pressure. Modern scientists have proven this to be wrong and have attributed the deaths to temperature change. These fish are used to surviving in water temperatures that are close to zero and the surface temperatures are too high for them. The ocean is separated into different layers based on temperature. If perchance the ocean happens to absorb too much CO2, it

Is it still necessary to know what constitutes a bank Essay

Is it still necessary to know what constitutes a bank - Essay Example To eliminate vagueness or ambiguity of a concept entails the formulation of a definition. However, one’s definition extends to the breadth of his/her exposure to the subject matter. At times, though, development becomes rapid that one’s knowledge or awareness regarding the subject lags behind. This could be said when seeking an exact definition of what a bank is. Advancements in technology and business have resulted in more efficient banking operations. The same have also resulted in increasingly complex banking systems and the laws governing banking operations, thus, making it relatively more difficult to come up with an encompassing definition across ages and disciplines. In the ancient times, it would be relatively easier to find a definition for banks due to the simplicity of the system and that people used common services. Over the years, some additional functions including the acceptance of deposits, transferring of money from one account to the other, extending of loans and investing of funds have become notable (Heaton). With the worldwide improvements in transportation and infrastructure, people have become increasingly mobile, trade on the international level occurred. At the rate trade both on the national and international levels has developed, banks have exponentially increased their functions and the services they provide. In this regard, aside from being economic agents, banks have evolved into becoming legal entities as well. Banks can be defined by economic agents based on their functions and classification, which are as follows: -Banks (commercial banks) are privately or state- owned, offering a broad range of financial services to myriad economic agents subject to control and regulation of government agency concerned. They finance credit needs of individuals, firms and governments. Moreover, they receive deposits, transfer funds, issue traveler's checks and letters of credit, and safe keep valuables. Aside from these, they also serve as trustees for economic agents, act as agents for purchase and sale of assets and disseminate relevant information pertaining to the economy. (Menzies) Banks (savings banks) that promote savings especially for moderate-income earners where deposits of clients are invested in government obligation or treasury bills and other medium- to long-term industrial obligations (Menzies). They extend loans for single-family homes and other residential properties as well as business consumer loans and mortgages ("What's the Difference"). Banks (investment banks) primarily function to finance investments of both private enterprises and government across various levels. They market a variety of stocks and bond issues as well as arrange mergers and assist in a number of specialized lending fields. (Menzies) Although the functions of these banks have become less distinct over the years, differences lie in the regulatory and supervisory structures ("What's the Difference"). Depending on their legal classification, these banks are regulated by different government agencies and regulatory bodies. Their operations are governed by laws stipulated in the UK Banking Act 1987. There are also some financial intermediaries with functions similar to a bank, but not classified as banks. The definitions given above do not seem to differentiate these non-bank institutions from banks in terms of function. Non-bank financial institutions may include the following: Credit Unions. These are cooperative financial institutions formed by groups of people who pool their funds which serve as based deposits. Similarly, they accept deposits in a variety of accounts just like banks. ("What's the Diff

Summarization for 7 chapter of the weather makers Essay - 1

Summarization for 7 chapter of the weather makers - Essay Example The effects of clouds on global warming are still being investigated (Flannery 153-165). The Commitment and Approaching Extreme Danger (Seventeen) Although most of the greenhouse gases that was emitted during the WWI as our great-grand mothers stoked their fuel stoves is still warming the earth, It is not until about 2050 that we will be able to begin feeling the full effect of those greenhouse gases that happen to still be in circulation. The Earth’s current average temperature stands at around 59 degrees F and a slight increase could potentially wipe out most of the world’s species and billions of people (Flannery 166-170). Leveling the Mountains (Eighteen) The temperature drops by about 1 degree F for every distance of about one hundred yards travelled up a mountain. Without this effect, mountains would not be any different from the lowlands that surround them. In the past, when the world warmed at a rapid pace, most of the mountain-dwelling species used to inexorabl y and swiftly retreat to the cooler higher regions. It is possible to accurately calculate when some of these mountain dwelling species will become extinct given the current rate of global warming. The only species that stands to gain from the effects of global warming as animals retreat to the cooler temperatures are the four strains of malaria causing parasites (Flannery 171-177). How Can They Keep On Moving? (Nineteen) This is a brief chapter of the book in which Flannery seeks to explain just how climate change might potentially impact the world’s various habitats in the coming decades. Previously, Most of the world’s species had been able to escape the potentially catastrophic effects of climate change by moving up the mountains to the cooler parts where they could be able to find favorable temperatures necessary for their survival. However, as a result of global warming, there has been the formation of large water bodies being formed from the melting ice that ser ve in inhibiting the movement of these animals up the mountains. Various human activities such as buildings and fences are also playing a huge role in blocking the routes that these species normally use for migration. The effects of climate change are not limited to affecting only the animal species as various plant species are also being negatively impacted as well. Flannery explains how they fynbos which is one of the six floral kingdoms in the world and is found in the Cape Fold Mountains stands to lose nearly half of all its present species by the year 2050 if migration is restricted. Flannery is keen to point out that if immediate action were to be taken, we could potentially be able to save at least two species for every species that is killed failure to this, three out of every five of these species will not survive to see the turn of the century (Flannery 178-183). Boiling the Abyss (Twenty) In the past, scientist thought that the dying of most deep-sea dwelling fish immedia tely they happened to be brought up to the surface by the trawling nets used by marine biologists was attributed to the change in pressure. Modern scientists have proven this to be wrong and have attributed the deaths to temperature change. These fish are used to surviving in water temperatures that are close to zero and the surface temperatures are too high for them. The ocean is separated into different layers based on temperature. If perchance the ocean happens to absorb too much CO2, it

Evidence of a Glass Ceiling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence of a Glass Ceiling - Assignment Example It would send a very positive message throughout the organization and externally if the company affirmatively recruited a pool of candidates in which there is adequate representation by women and minorities. This does not mean that a woman must be selected if she is not most qualified, but rather than an effort must be made to bring in qualified female candidates. The next time there is an opening within the senior leadership, the employees at large should draft a petition demanding this kind of affirmative action. If women and minorities had access to equal pay and opportunities for advancement, everyone would benefit in some way primarily because it would be truly just. When people are treated differently because of their gender or skin color, it sets up a severely unethical system that ultimately harms everyone in an organization, and contributes to the harm of society at large. Even if white men currently earn more on average than women and minorities, they are not really benefiting, particularly since the expectation is not that their pay would be reduced, but rather that the pay of women and minorities be increased in order to achieve equality. Real justice ultimately benefits everyone, and so there are no stakeholders who would not benefit. I once attended a business lunch with clients from the Far East.

Procter and Gamble: PEST SWOT Analysis

Procter and Gamble: PEST SWOT Analysis Procter and Gamble Market Environment Central problem Procter and Gamble (PG) started its PuR project as part of selling water purification technology named the PuR sachets. However, entering the market with water purification technology had three major issues all related to brand and product recognition. Thus, with PG facing brand and product difficulties, three major problems were threatening to decapitate the investments that were poured into the PuR project. The very first problem that PuR project as creating awareness for the brand and product that had not been traded before in the market. Thus, in promoting the product, the company faced two secondary problems which included difficulties in establishing ready market for the product and convincing customers that the PuR sachets were relevant in their lives. Secondly, the company developed the project through heavy spending. The problem associated with the investment into the PuR project is that the company’s under per sales did not seem to be sufficient enough to cover the c osts, hence the management was contemplating on dropping the project. Thirdly, while PuR was a reality and that the company was seeking approval from CDC, a major problem involved the lack of public or customer demand for the product regardless of the fact that PG tried to convince customers that dirty water was the cause of diarrhea (Hanson and Karen, 11). Secondary problems that faced PG included the fact that the PuR used preparation method that was very difficult to copy but very expensive as well. Thus, the company could not trade its water purification solution at a price that customers were able to afford. Additionally, the target market probably at a higher risk of contracting diarrhea due to consumption of dirty water was the very one that could not afford to buy the PuR sachets at the high prices. Collectively, finding market was a base and persisting problem that did not favor the PuR project and also did not have the potential to sustain the business projection of the company. Environmental Scanning Political Factors PG targeted various markets with the PuR sachets. Among these were the pioneer market in Pakistan, Guatemala, and Morocco. The political environment in most of these markets favored the marketing of PuR sachets but Morocco was quite problematic as testing at school level was denied. All of the identified markets allowed for village testing of the PuR sachets which meant that the only major problem the company was facing was associated with its approach in working with various major governmental departments and ministries. Like in Morocco, the company could not get approval for testing at the school level but it was able to get approval of the CDC in the US. Economic Factors Among the economic factor that were facing PG included the nature of the market as well as the social class of the potential buyers of the product. Initially, the CDC saw potential in the PuR sachets and encouraged the company to continue with the project. However, the company management had had enough of the under per sales due to lack of sustaining customer base. Additionally, with reference to the existence of other brands and availability of bottled water, PG was not getting as much return on investment as it had hoped for. Finally, multiple tests and commissioning of research and development continued to take more of the company’s financial power thus weakening its promotional power. The company once had to take a desperate stance of signing a contract with nonprofit organization so that it can promote the PuR sachets in developing nations. This approach shows how economically desperate the market was making the company at hand. Social Factors Social factors that most companies are worried about today include the income of their target market and the underlying issues that push the demand for products and services. Among these issues, the target market for PuR sachets were the households that had bottom-of-the-pyramid entities, children. However, the social class of which illness related to dirty water could affect were the low-income families. The problem with the PuR sachet target market is that it had very little experience in using water purification methods and also did not have the financial potential to buy the products that the prices they were traded at. While dirty water was associated with diseases such as diarrhea, the target market had other issues affecting them besides the diseases – the included household income and consideration of other factors besides water treatment. Technological Factors While most of the factors considered under this title played a negative role towards the development and trading of PuR sachets, technology was the only one that had an all-round positive effect to the desperate situation. PG had the required strength to develop research and development approaches aimed at managing most of its projects. However, considering research and development, PG had to invest in technology that both identified the need for water purification. Additionally, the packaging of the PuR was light and could store the contents for over three years. This approach in technology enabled the company- despite the low demand- the products did not go to waste due to their extended life span. SWOT Analysis Strengths Among the strengths of PG include: Financial strength of the company The company is well established worldwide The company is diversified and has numerous other products it trades which contribute to its financial strength The company’s philanthropic tradition connects it with customers as it contributes to various charity events Weaknesses Among the weaknesses of PG include The company is diversified and offers a continuum of products to the market from health products to domestic animal products. This approach makes the company’s strategic approach unfocused. The company is involved in non-effective marketing campaigns that drain the company’s financial stability. Due to poor market feasibility studies, the company’s venture in Morocco, Pakistan, and Guatemala all failed to meet expectations With unfocused research and development, the company had to call back its products for redevelopment wasting more money. Opportunities The company pioneered a product that continued to attract more customers due to health education programs The company’s joint venture with local companies increase its market penetration and spreads risks to create financial security. With reference to Morocco, the company is able to reach out for more customers in need of clean water while in Pakistan developing upper class population providing ready market for the PuR sachets. Increasing cases of waterborne diseases create a larger market for water purification solutions. Threats More companies and brands have ventured into the market and offer far more affordable products as compared to the PuR sachets New entry products have the potential to weaken the current market share. Regulatory agencies in the current target markets prevent the company from saturating the available markets with the PuR sachets. Strategic Alternatives The strategic alternatives that can be used to ensure that the company is able to trade more profitably would be to Hire marketing agency to properly promote the products and manage finances Reduce the product portfolio so that the company focuses better on the most important lines of products Promote products in more dynamic markets rather than slowly developing markets Course of Action The course of action for each of the alternative is as follows: Alternative 1: In hiring suitable marketing agency, the company would invite marketing companies to bid for a one year contract to assess potential markets and to incorporate market segmentation relating to social factors affecting each type of market (Kahn, 76). Alternative 2: Since PG trades numerous products, the company is to select the products that are least profitable to the company and discontinue their production. This would enable the company to invest more funds to meaningful projects while cutting cost in the production of non-value intensive products (Kahn, 78). Alternative 3: The Company is to hire a marketing agency in this case or to conduct research regarding the most favorable markets worth investing in. Additionally, the current markets or nations that the company invests in could be measured in terms of economic stability and the per capita for perceived potential customers. In consideration, the company or the hired marketing agency can investigate the Gini Index of the target population of various potential markets to identify how sustainable the company operations can be in a new environment (Masur, 666). Work Cited Hanson, Margaret and Karen Powell. Procter Gamble PuR Purifier of Water: Developing the Product and Taking it to Market. INSEAD. 2009. Print. Retrieved from: http://www.gwu.edu/~clai/training_programs/UChile_MBA_Programs/uchilemba2010/Griffin_Readings/CSR_PuR_A_case.pdf Kahn, Kenneth. Functional, Multifunctional, and Cross-Functional: Considerations for Marketing Management. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 17, No. 1 2009: pp. 75-84. Print. Masur, Jonathan and Posner, Eric. Against Feasibility Analysis. The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 77, No. 2: 2010; pp. 657-716. Print.

King Lear :: essays research papers

In the play King Lear, Shakespeare used the main characters to portray the main theme. The main theme in this play is blindness. King Lear, Gloucester and Albany are three examples Shakespeare used to incorporate this theme. Each of these characters were â€Å"blinded† in different ways because of the wrong decisions they’ve made and later on regretted. The blindest of all was King Lear. Because of his high position as the king, people would think that he should be able to distinguish the good from the bad, but unfortunately, he was â€Å"blinded† by others. Lear’s first act of blindness came at the beginning of the play. He was fooled by his two eldest daughters’ sweet words, and then he was unable to see cordelia’s true love for him. There he gave away his kingdom to the two daughters who lied about loving him and banished cordelia-who really loved him from his kingdom. â€Å"†¦For we have no such daughter, nor shall ever see that face of her again. Therefore be gone without our grace, our love, our benison.† (Act I, Sc. I) Lear’s blindness also caused him to banish Kent. Kent was able to see Cordelia’s love for her father and tried to make Lear see the same thing. But instead he got punished for it. As the play progressed, Lear slowly came to clear vision. he realized that that his two eldest daughter did not truly love him after they locked him out of the castle during a tremendous storm. He also finally saw through that Cordelia’s love for him was so tremendous that she was not able to put it in words. Unfortunately, his blindness caused the dearth of Cordelia and his own. Gloucester was another example of character that suffered from blindness. His blindness prevented him from seeing the goodness of Edgar and the evil of Edmund. His blindness began when Edmund convinced him by the forged letter that Edgar was planning to kill him. His lack of â€Å"sight† caused him to believe that Edmund was the good son although all he wanted to do is to take over his power. Near the end of the play, Gloucester finally regained his sight and realized that Edgar saved his life and loved him all this time and Edmund was the evil of the two. His inability to see occurred when he had physical sight, but when he finally could see things clearly is when he had his eyes plucked out by the Duke of Cornwall.

Ellisons Invisible Man: Invisibility, Vision, and Identity as Motifs E

Ralph Ellison incorporates many symbols into this novel, each providing a unique perspective on the narrative and supporting the themes of invisibility, vision and identity. These themes can many times generally symbolize the strength of the subconscious mind. In this novel I think that there are several visions that symbolize the narrator’s escape from reality, seeking comfort in memories of his childhood or times at the college, often occurring as he fades into his music. Ellison coincidences dreams and reality to redefine the surrealistic nature of the narrator’s experience and to showcase the differences between the realities of black life and the myth of the American dream. ? One thing I saw a lot of in this novel is people willfully looking past instead of confronting the truth. The narrator repeatedly states people’s inability to see what they don’t want to see, their inability to see what their prejudice doesn’t allow them to see, has pushed him into a life of effective invisibility. But prejudice against others is not the only kind of blindness in the book. Many characters also don’t acknowledge truths about themselves or their communities, and this refusal is shown in the imagery of vision and invisibility. For example, the boys who fight in the â€Å"battle royal† wear blindfolds, symbolizing their powerlessness to recognize their corruption at the hands of the white men. The Founder’s statue at the college has empty eyes, signifying his failure to see the racist realities. Blindness also afflicts Rev Homer A. Barbee, who romanticizes the Founder, and Brother Jack, who is missing an eye which he conceals by wearing a glass eye. The narrator himself experiences blindness, such as in chapter sixteen when he addresses the ... ...judices of others. He has followed the ideology of the college and the ideology of the Brotherhood without trusting or developing his own identity. Now, however, he has realized that his own identity, both in its flexibility and authenticity, is the key to freedom. Rinehart, a master of many identities, first suggests to the narrator the limitless capacity for variation within oneself. However, Rinehart ultimately proves an unsatisfactory model for the narrator because Rinehart’s life lacks authenticity. The meaning of the narrator’s assertion that he is â€Å"an invisible man† has changed slightly since he made the same claim at the beginning of the novel: whereas at the outset he means to call attention to the fact that others cannot not see him, he now means to call attention to the fact that his identity, his inner self, is real, even if others cannot see it.

Highway Marking Paints Essay

This report has been created as per the details of the letter received on 18th March from Morris Hordern, Senior Engineer of the Highways Department, and contains the results of the tests conducted by Proactive Consultants Inc. on all the available new highway paints. On the basis of our tests and in our professional opinion, Centrex’s new paint TL is the best option for highway marker painting. Highway Marking Paints 2 This project was carried out in order to test the suitability of the newly available range of highway marking paints which claim to be of better quality in terms of visibility, spraying characteristics and speed of drying. The marker painting was conducted between 12 a.m and 6 a.m. The following table documents the consolidated results of our study. The paints are lined up in the table on the basis of suitability, the best one being the first in the table. Paints that did not meet the minimum standards (as specified by ASTM D-711) of twenty minutes drying time, good spraying characteristics(as prescribed by Paint Manufacturers Association’s specification PMA-02-28H) and visibility of 7 and 6 after three months and six months of traffic wear respectively have been eliminated. Codes assigned to the paints on 25th March, 2010 (the start date of the tests) have been used to eliminate any chance of bias or manipulation. The tests were conducted on two stretches of highway- Highway 17 (concrete surface), 1.5 miles north of the intersection with Highway 43. Highway 43 (asphalt surface) 1 mile west of the intersection with Highway 17. Visibility has been rated as per the judgment of myself and 4 other drivers associated with Proactive Consultants Inc. Day visibility is judged from a distance of 500 yards (500 being a perfect 10). The points drop by two for every 100 yards less of visibility. These tests were conducted on 25th June, 2010. Night visibility is judged using high beam from a distance of 200 yards (visibility from 200 yards being a perfect 10). The points drop by two for every 40 yards less of visibility. These tests were conducted on 25th September, 2010. Based on our tests, the two best paints for highway marking are WC (which is Hi-Linear Products white paint- HILITE) and YR (which is Centrex Inc.’s new TL yellow paint) The two paint are almost equal in terms of quality. Centrex’s TL yellow paint takes 3 minutes less to dry, has slightly better visibility on concrete, after both 3 months and 6 months. The HILITE paint takes 3 minutes more than Centrex’s paint to dry has slightly better visibility on asphalt after both 3 months and 6 months. In my professional opinion, Centrex’s new TL yellow paint is the most suitable on for highway marker painting for the following reasons: 1) It is the strongest paint overall, better suited for highway marker painting than any other white or yellow highway paint, 2) Centrex is a company with which the Highway Department has been working and is thus a trustworthy source.

Parking management system Essay

Globalization of the world’s industrial economies greatly enhances the value information to the ï ¬ rm and offers new opportunities to businesses. Today,information systems provide the communication and analytic power that ï ¬ rms need for conducting trade and managing businesses on a global scale. According to Kenneth and Jane (1998) [11], new kinds of knowledge and information-intense organizations have emerged that are devoted entirely to the production,processing,and distribution of information. In knowledge-and information-based economy,information technology and systems take on great importance. Knowledge-based products and services of great economic value such as credit cards,overnight package delivery,worldwide package delivery and worldwide reservation systems are based on new information technologies. Information technology constitutes more than 70 percent of the invested capital in service industries such as ï ¬ nance,insurance,and real estate. Across all industries,information and the technology that delivers it have become critical and strategic assets for the business ï ¬ rms and their managers. Information systems are needed to optimize the ï ¬â€šow of information and knowledge within the organization and to help management maximize the ï ¬ rm’s knowledge resources.Because the productivity of employees will depend on the quality of the systems serving them,management decisions about information technology are critically important to the prosperity and survival of a ï ¬ rm. Public utilities need a parking infrastructure that can function efï ¬ ciently and be integrated with the other urban city utilities. Economic development sees parking as a tool to support current economic activity and as incentive to attract new businesses. Safety and security departments see parking and its prerequisite enforcement as, just that, a requirement, albeit it is a low priority requirement that can divert that department from its higher priority function. Many parking facilities in Uganda are not effectively managed,take an example of the parking at Mulago Hospital were parking spaces are sufï ¬ cient to cater for the motorists that visit the hospital at a given time,but because of haphazard method of parking adopted by motorists that park according to convenience rather than utilizing bays systematically. This has caused jams at busy spots of the hospital leaving other parking spaces free.This calls for a Parking Management System that can be used assign bays to the motorists in a systematic and consistent manner so as to avoid trafï ¬ c jams at busy spots. The inability of motorists to identify parking bays at a speciï ¬ c facility in the shortest time possible would, signiï ¬ cantly, contribute to fatigue in operating the vehicle. Moreover, some motorists that fail to ï ¬ nd parking space tend to park vehicles illegally on shoulders or pavements which would likely result in unsafe conditions to highway trafï ¬ c, such as: †¢ Limiting the ability of parked vehicles to accelerate safely into trafï ¬ c steam. †¢ Conï ¬â€šicts between exiting and parked vehicles. †¢ Restriction of sign distance. †¢ Obstacles in clear recovery zone for errant vehicles. According to Trombly, (2003) [12], there is an existing phenomenon that truck drivers tend to use speciï ¬ c truck stops or rest areas along a speciï ¬ c route. It was found in Maryland that some drivers would give up seeking parking availability further and park on ramps and shoulders even when there are parking spaces available nearby . Thus,sometimes full occupancy exists at some locations, while parking spaces at other locations may not be fully utilized due to the unawareness of parking availabilities. Information technologies have been introduced into vehicles parking management system for decades. Providing real-time or near real-time parking guidance information to drivers is one important aspect and has emerged for more than twenty years. The general concept of this kind of system consists of mainly these components. Firstly, parking management centers collect parking arrival data by using sensors or detectors. Secondly, parking data collected is processed into parking availability information, and thirdly, this information is disseminated via all kinds of information media, such as radio, message signs, telephone and so on. Under the guidance of this information, drivers are supposed to reduce on-road searching time for parking spaces, which can consequently release the trafï ¬ c congestion during peak hours. Nowadays, parking information and guidance systems have been put into practice in tens of cities or airports in Europe, America, and Japan. However, very limited practice on parking information systems speciï ¬ cally for trucks on interstate highways have been put so far. In some states in US, advisory parking information 3 has been provided to truck drivers on signs along interstate highways, but currently there are few systematic descriptions on the implementation of this system. Garden City is one of the biggest shopping malls in Kampala City,located along Yusuf Lule Road. It has become a popular shopping anchor in Uganda with numerous number of shops dealing in a variety of goods. These range from home-use products to recreation facilities available at the mall. The Shopping complex was designed in such a way that it can accommodate parking for the clientele’s motor-vehicles.There are two levels of parking. Level I parking is on ï ¬â€šoor one of the shopping mall with a capacity of 110 motor vehicles whereas Level II parking is at the basement stretching to the complex’s yard has a capacity 240 motor-vehicles. The parking bays are clearly marked and can accommodate up to 350 motor-vehicles on a busy working day. The entire complex is secured with a wall fence and access to the shopping mall is through one entrance for motor-vehicles coming in and at the same time acts as an exit for motorists that are leaving the premises. At the moment,no charges are levied to the motorists that occupy the parking zones,this was identiï ¬ ed by the writer as good source of revenue for the owners of the shopping mall by charging a fee for all the motorists that utilize the parking bays. The kinds of systems built today are very important for the overall performance of the organization,especially in today’s highly globalized economy.Information systems are driving both daily operations and organizational strategy. Powerful computers,software,and networks have helped organizations become more ï ¬â€šexible,eliminate layers of management,separate work from location,and restructure work ï ¬â€šows,giving new powers both to line workers and management. The Internet and other networks have redeï ¬ ned organization boundaries,opening new opportunities for electronic markets and electronic commerce. To maximize the advantages of information technology,there is a much greater need to plan for the overall information architecture of the organization. 1.2 Statement of the problem There is no systematic method for the allocation of parking bays and management lacks coordinated and centralized information for the effective management and control of the parking facility. 1.3 Objectives 1.3.1 General Objective The goal of this research is to develop a Parking Management System for Garden City Complex which will manage the parking facility more efï ¬ ciently.The management system will involve the development and application of a variety of advanced technology and automated control strategies to achieve signiï ¬ cant parking improvements resulting in maximum utilization of the available parking areas. 1.3.2 The speciï ¬ c objectives include: 1. Optimizing use of limited parking spaces to ensure that the motorists are assigned bays in the shortest time possible. 2. Revenue generation and accountability, management will be in position to determine revenue realized from motorists utilizing the parking bays by querying the system. 3. Customer satisfaction: Motorists will be alloted parking bays systematically by the parking management system, this will ease on the congestion brought about by motorists scrambling for speciï ¬ c parking bays for convenience. 1.4 Scope The project will realize its achievements based on the parking management of garden city complex. The scope of this study is a short term project level,therefore it weights towards getting a system fully implemented. 1.5 Justiï ¬ cation Findings of the study will be useful in the efï ¬ cient utilization of limited available Parking space supply at Garden City Complex and other institutions within the city . The ï ¬ ndings will also help Kampala City Council (KCC)in formulating policies with regard to parking control and management for shopping malls,for example making it obligatory for all those intending to put up structures in the city to make provisions for parking in the basements. This proposal suggests a parking information system that will serve the customer and the management of parking at the Shopping mall. Parking services will enable the customer to locate available parking,get directions,and make payment. CHAPTER TWO 2 LITERATURE REVIEW An extensive review of the literature related to parking systems was conducted by the researcher. The review seeks to survey available parking management systems and to understand their potential. The types of technologies included in th review are Parking Guidance Information (PGI), transit based information,smart payment systems, and e-parking. This section documents the major ï ¬ nding of the literature review. 2.1 The need for a Parking Management System According to Caroline,Rodier and Amanda (2004)[5],Early examples of smart parking management were Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems that attempt to minimize parking search trafï ¬ c in large parking facilities and central cities by dynamically monitoring available parking,and directing motorists with Changeable Message Signs (CMS). The ï ¬ rst Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems were installed in Achen,Germany,in the early 1970s. It is now estimated that more than 100 parking guidance information systems have been installed in cities throughout the world with the greatest concentration in Europe and Japan. In the United States,city center Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems exist in St. Paul,Minnesota,and Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. Large airport parking garage PGI systems have been installed in: Baltimore,Maryland; Houston,Texas; Orlando,Florida; and Minneapolis/St. Paul,Minnesota. Empirical and simulation studies of selected systems indicate that awareness and understanding of PGI signs can be relatively high,but in order to be effective,messages must display accurate information that meets travelers needs . Interestingly,visitors are more likely than resident commuters to use city center Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems. Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems were found to reduce parking facility queue lengths; however,system-wide reductions in travel time and vehicle travel,and economic beneï ¬ ts may be relatively small. Uganda as a developing country has not yet embraced such systems in its capital’s Central Business District (CBD),however the need for such systems is increasingly becoming inevitable because the demand for parking bays has tremendously shot up surpassing the supply especially at busy shopping malls. The only way the limited parking bays can be put to effective use is by employing a parking management system. According to Chopper (2005) [6],Parking in the San Diego Gaslamp Quarter is a very stressful activity for visitors. Visitors must circulate through the Gaslamp Quarter searching for parking on the street curb,in ï ¬â€šat lots and parking structures. The circulating trafï ¬ c is a signiï ¬ cant nuisance to foot trafï ¬ c,contributes air and noise pollution and adds to already congested trafï ¬ c ï ¬â€šow. Fundamentally,studies have shown that there is a sufï ¬ cient number of parking spaces,but the drivers spend a considerable amount of time searching for an empty spot. Existing parking control is serving the enforcement function,but provides little service to the customer. According to Axhausen and Polak (1995)[2],Building upon the objectives of Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems,transit-based smart parking systems seek to increase transit use and revenues,reduce vehicle travel,lower fuel use,and reduce air pollution. These systems provide motorists with information via Changeable Message Signs (CMS) about spaces in park and ride lots,transit schedules and downstream trafï ¬ c conditions. The literature suggests that parking shortages at suburban rail stations may signiï ¬ cantly constrain transit ridership,thus more effective use of station parking may increase transit use and revenues . In addition, motorists may respond to pre-trip and en-route information on parking availability at transit stations by increasing their use of transit . Finally,regular commuters are more responsive to information about parking in conjunction with transit than more basic Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems,because this information may be essential to catching a train during peak hours . Transit-based systems are concentrated in Europe and Japan however,at least two have been initiated in the United States in conjunction with Chicagos Metra System and San Joses Valley Transit Authority. Trafï ¬ c congestion is a problem that appears to be increasing in a worldwide context. In recent years considerable effort has been paid to the investigation of methods to reduce such congestion and the accidents and hazards that are usually associated with it. Collectively these efforts come under the aegis of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). A critical part of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are the Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). Essentially these consist of in-vehicle information and guidance systems which help the driver to select routes which will reduce congestion,to ï ¬ nd parking in areas where it is sparse,and to facilitate rescheduling of activities when congestion makes this a feasible alternative. It is argued that such assistive information will beneï ¬ t individual drivers in terms of helping to achieve their scheduled behaviors and activities as well as beneï ¬ ting the system by improving trafï ¬ c ï ¬â€šow. Axhausen (1994) [2] carried out three waves of surveys (one before wave and two after waves) to compare the reduction in parking search time after implementation of the parking information system in Frankfurt am Main,Germany. A non-linear model was developed to relate the parking 10 search time to the estimated occupancy of off-street parking facilities before and after installation of parking guidance and information system. Smart parking systems can also take advantage of innovative technologies to improve the ease and convenience of paying for parking. Smart cards can minimize transaction time by allowing a user to simply wave their card in front of a reader,and contact less cards with wireless communication capabilities can further reduce delays. Mobile communication devices can also be used in smart payment transactions. Smart parking payment systems are now being developed and implemented worldwide by cell phone developers,credit card companies,and other technology and service providers. Smart payment systems were found to reduce operation,maintenance and enforcement costs as well as improve collection rates . When transit agencies attempt to induce drivers off of highways to take transit into a city center,time saving. Hester(2002) [9] designed two experiments in a visualized driving simulator to test alternative models of drivers parking decision with the parking availability and guidance information displayed on Variable Message Signs (VMS). In Experiment 1,three different versions of the expected utility theory were tested. In these three hypotheses,one might assume that drivers attempt to:- †¢ minimize the expected travel time, †¢ minimize the walking distance,and †¢ minimize the time spent on waiting for a lot for a parking space or, †¢ equivalently,maximize the parking availability. The results in Experiment 1 showed that participants responses were more often consistent with the decision to minimize the expected travel time than they were either with the decision to minimize the walking distance or to maximize the parking availability. However,a further study in Experiment 2 suggested that the strategies that most test drivers used is a lexicographic decision strategy,in which drivers decided to park in a lot if the number of open spaces was greater than or equal to some criteria number. Such a strategy is more simple cognitively than the previous one,and thereby greatly reduces the cognitive load on the drivers. Asakura (1994) [3] developed a computer simulation model to evaluate the effects of parking information. The simulation model consists of three sub-models: a demand model based on multinomial logic model,a performance model to describe the car parking status,and an information service model. The messages shown on signs in the simulation were in three types of legends: waiting time,FULL/SPACES,and number of vacancies. Simulation results were for different scenarios with regard to different ratios of system users among all drivers and different congestion levels. It was found that the average waiting time decreases with the increasing proportion of informed drivers, especially when the proportion changes from 0 to 10 percent. The FULL/SPACES type is the most effective in reducing average waiting time at higher congestion levels; the waiting time information is the most effective at low congestion level,and the number of vacancies information is the least one in both cases. Polak (1995)[3] stresses that in recent years,however,there has been an increasing effort to focus on the driver as a recipient of advanced traveler information by developing a series of simulators,which allow manipulation of environments and observation of different driver behaviors . The use of such simulators is most helpful when attempting to decide the likelihood that drivers will accept information dispensed through their in vehicle guidance system. The development 12 of driver simulators and the consequent modeling of driver behavior has been an attempt to enrich the potential of Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) methodology. Of signiï ¬ cant importance,however,is the increased acknowledgment that these simulations work best if the environment is designed to have as many important real-world features as possible (e.g.,trafï ¬ c lanes instead of undifferentiated network arcs; signalized or otherwise controlled intersections instead of unconstrained nodes in a graph theoretic representation of a system; indicators of trafï ¬ c speed and driving headway; etc.). According to Havinoviski,(2000) [8]In Chicago,real-time parking management systems for parkingand-ride facilities along transit corridors were proposed . The systems will display or broadcast overall and speciï ¬ c parking lot information,next train arrival information,expressway or tollway incident and travel time information. Infrared detection,inductive loop detection,video image processing were considered the most practical techniques for measurement of parking availability. Four technologies,namely Internet,telephone,Variable message signs,highway advisory radio,were considered for information dissemination. Allen (1993) [1] studied the impacts of a parking guidance and information system on drivers behaviors at a disaggregated level in Kingston-up-Thames,London,United Kingdom. An attitude questionnaire and a Stated Preference (SP) experiment were employed in the study. The results of the attitude questionnaire showed a low level of system usage. 4 percent of all respondents were totally unaware of the system; 47 percent were aware of,but had never used it; 49 percent had used the system. In the Stated Preference experiment,parking price,walking time,and content of Variable Message Signs (VMS) were included. As the results suggested,the occupancy information of parking lots shown on Variable Message Signs (VMS) has a signiï ¬ cant effect on car-park choice 13 probability. When contents of Variable Message Signs (VMS) change from SPACE to FULL,a dramatic instantaneous impact on driver behavior resulted. Polak (1990) [2] summarized the basic technologies of Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems in the European and Japanese cities and the approaches adopted to system design and operation before 1990s. In reviewing the effectiveness of these systems,it was noted that Variable Message Signs (VMS) was a relatively mature technology for PGI systems,and two main technologies: rotating prisms and ï ¬ ber-optics were of proven reliability Basically,all those studies were based on the naive comparisons of before-and-after car parks usage patterns,arrival proï ¬ les at the facilities,and trafï ¬ c volumes,where before-and-after drivers surveys were mostly conducted. Those studies showed that parking guidance systems could have an impact on trafï ¬ c and parking patterns by redistributing parking demand between car parks,and by alleviating queues at the most popular car parks. Little evidence showed that those systems had given rise to any substantial changes in trafï ¬ c vol umes,arrival patterns and congestion. Edwards and Kelcey,(1997) [7] assert that,Variable Message Signs (VMS) and static signs were used in the operation to present parking availability information to drivers in the urban area. Loop detectors were used as the counting equipment at off-street parking facilities. Controller interface units then automatically calculates the number of available spaces in real time using pulse from the detectors each time a vehicle arrived or left the parking facility. The data were transmitted to central computers via dedicated phone line and T1 line,and were processed by parking management software. The central computers then sent the parking information to Variable message signs via Radio Frequency (RF) cellular communications. An Advanced Parking Information (API) system was designed and put into test operations in Saint Paul,Minnesota in late 1995 and early 1996 (Edwards and Kelcey Inc.,1997; HNTB,(1997). Variable Message Signs (VMS) and static signs were used in the operation to present parking availability information to drivers in the urban area. Loop detectors were used as the counting equipment at off-street parking facilities. Controller interface units then automatically calculates the number of available spaces in real time using pulse from the detectors each time a vehicle arrived or left the parking facility. The data were transmitted to central computers via dedicated phone line and T1 line,and were processed by parking management software. The central computers then sent the parking information to Variable message signs via radio frequency (RF) cellular communications. According to Road Bureau Ministry of Land,(2002) [9],parking guidance systems already had been implemented in 40 cities by the year of 1995in Japan (Toyama,1995). Most of them were based on Variable Message Signs (VMS) and static signs for display parking information at that time. The effects of these systems include: leveled utilization factor,less parking search time,and reduced on-road parking and smoother trafï ¬ c. In recent years,new technologies were introduced to parking systems. Since 1999,Internet web sites have been served for providing parking information in many Japanese cities. Other services such as cellular phone,Community Antenna Television (CATV),information service terminals at airports and bus terminals have also been included as parts of parking guidance systems in Japan to make more efï ¬ cient use of parking facilities and making parking facilities more convenient. Burdette (1999; 2001) [4] investigated advanced parking information systems at airports. In the research,a variety of Intelligent Traveler Systems (ITS) technologies applicable to Advanced Parking Information (API) at airports were investigated. A nine-step guideline was developed for imple menting an advanced parking information system at airports. According to a small sample survey conducted in the study,Variable Message Signs (VMS),static signs,radio,in-vehicle navigation system,and Internet are the most users preferred Intelligence Traveler Systems (ITS) technologies for this system. Parking information systems have been in practice for nearly 30 years,mainly serving for urban off-street,airport,and transit/bus parking facilities. In this information age,a number of new technologies are used in this kind of system. Variable Message Signs (VMS),static signs, Internet web site,telephone,and Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) are the most commonly used and acceptable technologies for disseminating parking information. The most commonly used data collection technologies include: loop detector,infrared detector, radar or sonic detector,video image processing,and so on. 2.2 Chapter Summary In an increasingly digital and wireless age,parking managers can take advantage of available technology to reduce operation,maintenance,and enforcement costs as well as to improve ease and convenience for motorists. Smart parking can make efï ¬ cient use of existing parking spaces and to make reserving and paying for parking,fast, convenient,and reliable. CHAPTER THREE 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Data Collection This chapter presents the data collection methods that were used by the researcher in exercising the study,tools that were used in the analysis and design of the system and also the tools used to develop and implement the system.The various data or requirements gathering techniques that were used included the following: 1. Interviews: An interview is a conversation in which the researcher tries to get information from the interviewer. The method assumes that the respondents to be interviewed have the information required; they can understand questions,which are put to them and will be willing to give answers while they are face-to-face. The researcher was able to interview some of the Garden City complex staff members and parking users who were utilizing the parking facility at that particular time and this helped the researcher to get ï ¬ rst-hand information on the operations of the parking facility. . 2. Questionnaires: Questionnaires were used by the researcher to gather facts about the parking behaviour of motorists and payment methods,questionnaires were aimed at getting information about the time spent in parking , and the mode of payment motorists would prefer for the utilization of parking bays.(Questionnaires appear in the appendix part of this report. It was established from the questionnaires and interviews conducted that some motorists prefered to pay in advance for use the parking facility for a given period to on-spot payment. The argument raised was that they at times run out of cash after shopping. On the other hand, it was also established that other motorists do rarely visit the shopping mall and as such they were willing to pay on spot for use of the parking facility. From the two arguments raised,it was concluded that the system to be built would accommodate both parties by making provisions for advance payments and on-spot payments. 3. Observation: The purpose of observation was to determine the measurements, types, numbers,objectives and so on. The process of observation is not conï ¬ ned to seeing only. We can observe by hearing,smelling,teaching,and tasting. The method was mainly used in viewing the set up of available parking bays,viewing for example the security cards given to the entrance as evidence that they are utilizing parking bays. It was observed that each saloon car is slated to occupy one parking bay at a given time. This method was also used to get information about the structure of the organization and any relevant background information about the organization that proved relevant to the study. I went further to look through some of transactions and this later helped in determining the data stored per entity involved in the designed system.