Konigsberg Bridge Problem

Konigsberg Bridge Problem The earliest paper on graph theory seems to be by Leonard Euler,Solutio problematic ad situs pertinentis,Commentarii Academetarii Scientiarum Imperialist Petropolitanae 8 (1736),128-140.Euler discusses whether or not it is possible to scroll around Konigsberg(later called the Pregolya exactly once. Euler gave the conditions which are necessary to permit such a stroll. Thomas Pennyngton Kirkman (1856) and Wiliam Roman Hamilton (1856) studied trips which certain sites exactly once. History of Euler paths and cycles An Eulerian path is a path in a graph which visits each edge exactly once in the theory graph .so, in the same way, an Eulerian circuit is an Eulerian path which starts and ends on the same vertex. They were first discussing by Leohard Eular while solving the famous Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem in 1736. Mathematically the problem can be stated like this: Given the graph on the right, is it possible to construct a path (or a cycle for example, a path starting and ending on the same vertex) which visits each edge exactly once Graphs which allow the manufacture of so called Eulerian cycles are called Eulerian graphs. Euler observed that a necessary condition for the existence of Eulerian cycles is that all vertices in the graph have an even degree, and that for an Eulerian path either all, or all but two (i.e., the two endpoint) vertices have an even degree; this means the Konigsberg graph is not Eulerian. Carl Heierholzer published the first complete characterization of Eulerian graphs in 1873, by proving that in fact the Eulerian graphs are exactly the graphs which are connected and where every vertex has an even degree. Example using euler in our daily life is using in the teaching for set theory that widely use in the schools. Another example is to visualizing file system organization.it will allows files to appear in more than one directory in a computers file system. The history of the Konigsberg Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) is considered to have been the father of graph theory. His paper in 1736 on the seven bridges of Konigsberg is considered to have been the foundational paper in the subject. Konigsberg is a town, founded in 1256, that was originally in Prussia. After a stormy history, the town became part of Soviet Union and was renames Kaliningrad in 1946. In any event, during Eulers time the town had seven bridges (named Kramer, Schmiede, Holz, Hohe, Honig, Kottel, and Grunespanning) spanning the Pregel River. Figure 8.1 gives a simplified picture of how the bridges were originally configured (two of the bridges were later destroyed during World War II, and two other demolished by the Russians. History of Hamiltonian: Hamiltonian is introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton at 1857. He made a game called around the world and the originally in form of solid called dodecahedron. It has 20corners/for each corner, it called as town. The problem started when the travel started from one city to another city along the edge to arrive at city by only once arrived at one city. This is how the Hamiltonian is appearing. There is example of using Hamiltonian in life such as no-complete, n-cube and traveling salesman problem. Two types of Hamiltonian are Hamiltonian path and Hamiltonian cycle Introduction Path Path is the sequences of alternating vertices and edges. Which begin from a vertex and ended with a vertex. Each vertex is preceded and followed by its endpoints. Simple path Simple path is a path such that all its vertices and edges are distinct. Below is a graph that gives differences between path and simple path. Path 1: v,b,x,h,z(simple path) Path 2 : u,c, w,f,y,g,x,e,d,v(path) Example of path is the way of bus direction from one destination to another destination. In other hand, simple path is a path that no complicated for example the direction from faculty of FTSM to faculty of FUU. Cycle Circle is a circular sequence of alternating vertices and edges. Each edges is preceded and followed by its endpoints. Simple cycle Simple cycle is a cycle such that all its vertices and edges are distinct. Cycle: u,c,w,e,x,g,f,w,d,v,a,u Simple cycle:v,b,x,g,y,f,w,c,u,a,v, Example of using cycle in life is when we travel to another place then come back to our home with using the different ways. Another example in ukm is the bus ways for example bus zone 2 will make a circle to take student and will come back to the initial location where the busy will take a rest. For simple cycle, we always see in sport, such as the court for athletes running especially in event of 400 * 100 meters. Then, we also can see in power plant program that is simple cycle power plant (pp) program. It gives much benefit such as optimized design, reduced engineering costs, short lead times, increase availability and fast startups also high operational flexibility. Connected Graph Connected graph is a graph that there exists a path between all pairs of vertices. If a graph is a directed graph, there exist a path between vertexes to each other that in the graph, is called as strongly connected graph. The examples of disconnected graphs: Example of using connected graph is use in building. For example Menara Berkembar Petronas, there is a bridge to connect the two buildings. Another example is the bridge of Pulau Pinang. First use to connect the island and peninsular Malaysia. Example of disconnected graph is other hand than connected graph. For example the building of one employee is not connected by bridge with another employee. Next, the Island of Sipadan is not connected by a bridge with Borneo land. An Euler path in a graph is a path which traverses each edge of the graph exactly once. An Euler cycle is an Euler path which is contains cycle. If there are no loop graphs, without isolated vertices, the continuation of an Euler path implies the connected of the graph, since traversing every edge of such a graph requires visiting each vertex at least once. But, when the connected graph has an Euler path, one can be constructed by applying Fleurys algorithm. A connected graph has an Euler path if it has exactly zero or two vertices of odd degree. If every vertex has even degree, the graph has an Euler cycle. The definition and properties of Euler paths, cycles and graphs are valid for multigraph as well. The seven bridge of Konigsberg In Konigsberg, Germany, a river ran through the city such that in its centre was an island, and after passing the island, the river broke into two parts. Seven bridges were built, so that the people of the city could get from one part to another part. A crude map of the centre of Konigsberg might look like this: The people wondered whether or not, one could walk around the city in a way that would involve crossing each bridge exactly once. Degree of vertex Term of degree of vertex in graph theory is the number of edges which connected to a vertex. Degree of vertex also known as local degree. The list of all degree of vertex is called as degree sequences. One way to find the number of vertex is count the number of degree for each vertex that endpoint. An easy way is draw a circle around the vertex and count the number of edges that cross the circle. The degree of vertex can be add or even. if the degree of vertex is even, it is known as degree vertex and the other hand, if the degree of vertex is odd, the vertex is called an odd vertex. To find out the degree of graph is by choose the largest degree of vertex. Example graph with have odd and even vertex: Example degree of vertex is application of roundabout because there are many roads that connected. Either the value is odd or even. The road can be representing as edges and the roundabout as the vertex. Another example is the number of use degree of vertex in electrical pole such as the number of wire connected to the one pole. Hamiltonian path: Hamiltonian path is also called as traceable path. Hamiltonian path is a path that visits each vertex exactly one and not repeated for each vertex in a graph. Hamiltonian graph us use to solve a problem when find a path that only visited each vertex only one in a graph. Hamiltonian cycle: Hamiltonian cycle is a cycle that goes through the entire city (vertex) only once for a graph. It cannot be repeated to reach a city for a one cycle except the starting and the ended city. Results of research and real world examples Graphs can be used to represent oil flow in pipes, traffic flow on motorways, transport of pollution by rivers, groundwater movement of contamination, biochemical pathways, and the underground network. The example of Euler path: There are many useful applications to Euler circuits and paths. Networks can be used to solve many difficult problems, like the Konigsberg Bridge problem. The can also used by mail carrier who wants to have a route where they do not retrace any of their previous steps. Other than that, Euler circuits and paths are also useful to painters, garbage collector, airplanes pilots and world navigators. Below are the examples of how Euler circuit and paths are useful in the real world. The maps that pilots use are called route maps. The route maps show the paths of the airplanes from one destination to another. Here is an example of actual route map. The centre for all travel with this airline is in Denver, Colorado. From there, we can travel to some of the major cities in the surrounding states. The Navigation below is a trip to see all different regions of the world. The above regions of the world have all been given different colors. Each region also has been given marked with a node or vertex and some (but not all) of the regions are connected with arcs. Conclusions and recommendations As the conclusion towards this particular project, the study of graphs and their properties is a classical subject in most computer science department around the world. Graph Theory can be further exploited by object-oriented software engineering, taking advantage of recent research in various fields. Other than that, Graph theory is one of the top reasons to learn linear Algebra. So, all graphs (included directed, weighted, and multi-graphs) can be represented intuitive by adjency matrices, and matrix operations often end up being meaningful in terms of graph they represent. Seeing the connection between a graph and its matrix helps to understand both of them, and being able to switch back and forth between mental models is often useful. For example, a person in many fields of modeling, are mostly easily thought of the weight graphs, and are most easily manipulated as matrices. By learning the entire graph, the student can get many benefits by it especially the computer science student. So, our recommendation towards this topic in order to make the student easy to learn and improve themselves are for example, ask the student to make a lot of exercise. Other than that, ask them to make an assignment about this topic. So that the student can search many information based on this topic and become more familiar and understand about graph theory

The Moon :: essays research papers

The moon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. The moon orbits the Earth from 384,400 km and has an average speed of 3700 km per hour. It has a diameter of 3476 km, which is about  ¼ that of the Earth and has a mass of 7.35e22 kg. The moon is the second brightest object in the sky after the sun. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the moon cause some interesting effects; tides are the most obvious. The moon has no atmosphere, but there is evidence by the United States Department of Defense Clementine spacecraft shows that there maybe water ice in some deep craters near the moon's North and South Pole that are permanently shaded. Most of the moon's surface is covered with regolith, which is a mixture of fine dust and rocky debris produced by meteor impact. There are two types of terrain on the moon. One is the heavily cratered and very old highlands. The other is the relatively smooth and younger craters that were flooded with molten lava. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, visual exploration through powerful telescopes has yielded a fairly comprehensive picture of the visible side of the moon. The hitherto unseen far side of the moon was first revealed to the world in October 1959 through photographs made by the Soviet Lunik III spacecraft. These photographs showed that the far side of the moon is similar to the near side except that large lunar maria are absent. Craters are now known to cover the entire moon, ranging in size from huge, ringed maria to those of microscopic size. The entire moon has about 3 trillion craters larger than about 1 m in diameter. The moon shows different phases as it moves along its orbit around the earth. Half the moon is always in sunlight, just as half the earth has day while the other half has night. The phases of the moon depend on how much of the sunlit half can be seen at any one time. In the new moon, the face is completely in shadow. About a week later, the moon is in first quarter, resembling a half-circle; another week later, the full moon shows its fully lighted surface; a week afterward, in its last quarter, the moon appears as a half-circle again. The entire cycle is repeated each lunar month, which is approximately 29.

Hubspot Case Essay

The problem in this case is that Hubspot needed to make a transition from its initial start-up structure (organizational structure, target customers and pricing strategy) in order grow, and the dilemma was how to best approach this change. Hubspot faced three main issues for this: a) identify target customers, b) modify their pricing model and c) how to develop the growth strategy. Hubspot was good at building a community, e.g. over 300000 unique visitor in 2008, and thousands of freeware subscriptions in 2009. Nonetheless they had a diverse universe of customers, from small business owners (Ollies) to marketing professionals (Marys), different type of business ranging B2B or B2C, and size (over or under 25 employees). Table C shows there was a potential market evenly distributed among B2B and B2C. For Hubsport, the decision to identify a target customer was difficult. This is seen when contrasting exhibits 6 where 73% of customers were Ollies and exhibit 5 which indicated that Marys accounted for 68% of new customers from Sep-Dec 2008. Although the B2B customers were important for Ollies and Marys, there was an interesting growth of Marys in B2C. Thus a segmentation of customer was required to better assess their different needs. At the end of 2008, Hubspots’s products responded to the main two customers (Ollies and Marys), still its pricing model was similar for both, where Marys paid a slightly higher monthly amount as its software package included more features (exhibit 7). This was something Hubspot needed to analyze as Ollie and Marys had various pros and cons as customers. Ollies represented a lower cost to acquire ($1000) and where quick to sign in, but cancel subscription early, while Marys cost more to acquire ($5000) and took longer to sign in, by stayed for longer using the product. Assuming no churn rate an Ollie had to maintain subscription for 2 months and Marys had to maintain subscription for 9 months, to pay off their acquiring cost. The previous  scenario meant that HubSpot’s 2008 projections including the 100 paying customers from 2007 made the current pricing model not viable to support the high cost of Marys (see appendix 1). Another issued faced was the Hubsport was still a small company, seen in that it only had few engineers to build the software therefore it was hard to catch up with the sales team. Thus the product vs customer vs pricing situation presented an optimization and planning issue to keep the company growing. The previous two points require a growth strategy. At the same time it made the owners question their vision, i.e. to inbound or outbound. The strategy for growth had to clarify which customer to target, how to roll-out the respective products, whether to keep it a SaaS, and the transition into a new pricing structure to maintain current customer and capture more value from new ones. The objective of our proposed solutions is to keep Hubspot as the software-to-have for inbound marketing and grow financially from a start-up to an established business. For this we set out the following actions: Hubspot’s culture and vision should be maintained. Web 2.0 is continuing evolving as more businesses are using the various channels and HubSpot can differentiate itself as the inbound marketing which weighs more than outbound marketing (inbound represents 37% marketing budget while outbound 30%). HubSpot has the expertise to create traffic and analyze and qualify leads filling the respective demand of Ollies and Marys. At the same time we differentiate from our two main competitors by proving a lower price (Eloqua is more expensive) and focusing on inbound marketing (Marketo is a mix of inbound and outbound). Our conclusions are founded by overlaying HubSpot’s competitive field (exhibit 3) with customers’ needs a) traffic creation and b) leads analysis and qualifications, in line with HubSpot’s main strengths, as seen in appendix 2. Thus the company should not consider outbound as an alternative. As showed in appendix 4, our two segmented customers have showed different needs in terms of product features and consumption behavior. Based on the current churn out rate, we can estimate consumer lifetime value of Ollies is $4,750 and Marys $10,500 (see calculation in appendix 3). Therefore, according to our segmentation strategy, we propose following product bundles by differentiating product price and product features: 1) Product pricing: As Ollies have a shorter customer life and less marketing budget, we suggest keeping current up-front fee and a lower monthly fee. As suggestion, up-front $500 and monthly fee in the range of $150 to $250. As Marys have a longer customer life and lower price sensitivity we suggest increasing both up-front and monthly fee. As suggestion up-front $600 and monthly fee in the range of $600 to $750. Meanwhile, Marys are interested in deeper analytics, we suggest additional fee for each service of deeper analytics. As CMS system helps lower churn rate, we suggest initial fee of $300 covering 6 hours consulting to encourage both of them to use such service. 2) Product features: As Ollies prefer quick and simple solutions, we suggest tailor-made product focusing on generating leads. As Marys have a high demand of analytics, we suggest tailor-made product with more sophisticated tools to meet the needs of deeper analytics. As frequent log-in helps lower churn rate, we suggest to provide service update on a regular basis to encourage a continuous use of our service. After clearly identifying the segmentation of consumer and differentiation of products, we need ensure market-centered organizations that are capable of translating strategy into actions: 1) Engineering: To invest on product development and innovation to continuously provide with relevant service to enhance our competitive advantage of generating leads as well as analytics . 2) Sales force: To divide sales force to separately serve Maryer & Ollies by providing Maryer with long-term, more sophisticated support, providing Ollies with quick & simple service. 3) Marketing: To continue make a buzz for inbound marketing to create inbound marketing community rather than a simple business Finally the strategy has to be sensitive to our current customers, Appendix 5 indicates a tentative layout of the plan. Starting with the internal reorganization, then gradually change the product offering for consumers.

The Underlying Issues Of Cannabis Abuse - 3504 Words

The Underlying Issues of Cannabis Abuse Jeoffery Walton English 102 The International College of the Cayman Islands The topic outline 1) The cannabis plant and its ingredients 2) Abuse of cannabis a) Smoking Cannabis b) Addiction to cannabis c) Withdrawal symptoms d) Effects on the mental health cognitive development in adolescence e) Cancer and other illnesses 3) Cannabis for medicinal purposes 4) Law enforcement 5) Conclusion Abstract This paper examines the effects that cannabis abuse has on human health over an extended period. Over the years, some researchers have concluded that continuous use of the drug during adolescence, but not adulthood, could permanently impair cognition and increase the risk for psychiatric diseases. Other studies suggest that heavy use amongst users can cause changes in subjective mental status, brain functioning, and neuropsychological performance. Approximately 9% of those who experiment with cannabis will become addicted, and the treatment for addiction can be challenging, as it often leads to withdrawal symptoms. Consequently, most governments around the globe decided to enact legislation in the early to mid 20th century, to help control its abuse; however, recently, some countries in the Western World have begun to allow its use for medicinal and recreational purposes. All information for the writing of this paper has beenShow MoreRelatedShould Cannabis Be Legalised?1595 Word s   |  7 PagesShould cannabis be legalised in Australia? Your response should provide a considered discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of both legalisation and criminalisation which shows evidence of wide and varied reading. Cannabis originated from Central Asia generations ago, with references to Cannabis dating back to medical and religious Chinese and Indian texts. Cannabis was also used in the West as hemp fibre, for industrial purposes, before it was used for medical use by W.B. O’ShaughnessyRead MoreModels in the Substance Abuse Field 1206 Words   |  5 Pages4th edition) whether it is legal or illegal. Substance abuse refers to the utilization of a drug or other substances for non-medical purposes with the aim of engendering a mind-altering effect in the utilizer (MOH, 2005). It involves the utilization of illegal substances such as cannabis, misuse of licit drugs or utilization of a drug or substances for purposes other than that prescription (MOH, 2005; Rehm Eschmann, 2002). Substance abuse is one of the expeditious growing public health and convivialRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On The United States1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The launching of the 1960’s brought with it a public health issue concerning the use and abuse of illegal drugs. Responding to the crisis, the US department of Justice established the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous drugs, which was designed to control illegal drugs, specifically marijuana. Building on the prohibition, in 1971 President Richard Nixon officially declared a â€Å"war on drugs†, which resulted in an increased federal role in the warfare by providing the federal governmentRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Legal Debate Over The United States1071 Words   |  5 Pageshemp plant known as Cannabis Sativa. In 2727 B.C, the Chinese were the first to document the use of marijuana for medicine. Chinese would use the seeds of the hemp plant for food (Borges, 2014, Ch. 15). Marijuana has been known for a lot more than just getting high though. In the past it’s been used for fabric, food, incense, cloth, and much more. In the last few decades America has come up with a variety of nicknames for the Marijuana. Some common nicknames include Cannabis, Skunk, Ganja, MaryjaneRead MoreMany Have Long Argued That Prohibition Simply Does Not987 Words   |  4 PagesToday, the strict policy on cannabis is reinforced by severe punishment. In reality, police forces have been growing more lenient to cannabis use, prioritising more pressing areas, indicating a change in law enforcement attitude to the drug. ( ) This may also suggest a change in social culture. The flaws of prohibition are present today regarding the so-called ‘War on Drugs’. People who are otherwise innocent are swept into the criminal justice system because of cannabis use. (6) Thus, they face theRead MoreMany Women Across The World Cause Complications To Their1657 Words   |  7 Pagescomplications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to e ngage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse, substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatment and pre-education should be providedRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana For Medical Applications1717 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana for Medical Applications: A consideration of aspects of the issue INTRODUCTION In its brief overview of palliative care (Improving palliative care, August 2003), the Institute of Medicine emphasized purpose: â€Å"to prevent or lessen the severity of pain and other symptoms and to achieve the best quality of life for people dying or suffering from a long-term disease† (p. 2). Immediate pain reduction, if not outright elimination, facilitates satisfaction of other, more emotionalRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Marijuana1203 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana, also known as cannabis, is referred to as many different names by people from different parts of the world. It is used for both medical and recreational purposes. Smoking marijuana, eating it within foods, vaporizing it, and using it as an extract are some of the ways individuals consumed it. Some people use Marijuana because of the physical and mental effects it has on the physical body. After consuming marijuana, a person experiences feelings like heightened mood, increase in appetiteRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1356 Words   |  6 Pages Marijuana has been used as a medicine for millennia by cultures spanning the globe. Ever since 1937, that medical necessity has fallen in America to political pressure, and the cannabis plant remains illegal regardless of intended use. Since then, patients have continued demanding marijuana s therapeutic effects, thus prompting the pharmaceutical industry to find a legitimate means of meeting their needs without violating federal law. This quest for legal weed resulted in the introduction ofRead More Drugs and Alcohol Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame legal and thoroughly regulated by the government. As this took place, our nation has witnessed the dangers and health issues arising from alcohol consumption and abuse. For example, drunk driving kills many Americans each year. In comparison to marijuana studies where the World Health Organization stated, â€Å"There are no confirmed cases of human deaths from cannabis poisoning in the world medical literature† (qtd. in â€Å"Marijuana Facts† 1). From an outsider’s perspective, one has to ask why

Essay about Schizophrenia - 1399 Words

Schizophrenia Child schizophrenia, like other psychopathologies has many documented, and several uncertain causes. Some scientists have evidence that pregnant mothers have experienced an immune reaction that present dangers to the unborn child. Schizophrenia is a disorder where the body=s immune system attacks itself. Schizophrenia is not present at birth but develops during the adolescence period or young adulthood. ASchizophrenia is a biological brain disease affecting thinking, perception, mood, and behaviour. Its exact cause is unknown but overwhelming evidence points to faulty chemistry or structural abnormalities in the brain. In some cases schizophrenia is generic. Schizophrenia strikes one in 100 people at some point in his/her†¦show more content†¦Schizophrenics thought process is very Aloose@. Their thought s may shift rapidly from one unrelated topic to the next. They may make up their own words or use sounds or grunts to substitute words. These symptoms do not mean that people with schizophrenia are out of touch with the world completely, they know that roads are used for driving cars, and that people eat meals three a day. Schizophrenia affect both men and women equally. Along with delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders, they also suffer from paranoia, high anxiety , low stress tolerance, low motivation, lack of energy and the inability to feel pleasure. This makes work, leisure, relationships and even everyday tasks difficult, sometimes impossible. These are concerns not only for the people diagnosed with this psychopathology but for their friends and family. Family is looked upon for support in not only everyday tasks, but in dealing with this disorder whether its in remission or relapse. With schizophrenia there is the risk of suicide. ATen percent of all people with schizophrenia commit suicide. Either to escape the torment of their illness. Or because their gt;voices= command them to.@ (Compiled by Ontario Friends of Schizophrenics, Oct. 1994) Many schizophrenics also are incarcerated for crimes that they have committed while in a psychotic state, or are living on the streets, without any treatment. Schizophrenics may become violent while in a psychotic state, and may loseShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Schizophrenia815 Words   |  4 Pagesand has schizophrenia. According to Mayo Clinic â€Å"Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior. Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia is not a split personality or multiple personality. The word schizophrenia does mean split mind, but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking. Schizophrenia is a chronicRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On The Development Of Schizophrenia Essay2173 Words   |  9 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a life-long disorder that affects about one percent of the population (Mueser McGurk, 2004). The cause of this mental illness is still unclear. Studies have suggested that Schizophrenia does not arise from one factor but from a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors (Liddle, 1987). People diagnosed with Schizophrenia struggle to deal with a multitude of symptoms that make it difficult to function (Mueser McGurk, 2004). Antipsychotic medicationsRead MoreSchizophrenia Poster Research Topics : Schizophrenia1715 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia Poster Research Topics K - What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is chronic, severe, and a brain disabling disorder; that has affected people throughout history. It also interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, make decisions and relate to others. People with the disorder may hear voices other people do not hear. They may believe other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. This can terrify people with the illnessRead MoreSchizophrenia Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia One of the major concerns of modern medicine is Schizophrenia. Frey defines schizophrenia as a group of disorders marked by severely impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors (99). Straube and Oades incorporate more on its definition by saying this illness evokes a fundamental disturbance of personality (92). According to Gottesman, schizophrenia didn’t exist before the 19th century. He found many facts that lead to this hypothesis, finding no existence of this illness inRead MoreSchizophrenia Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is affecting people more now than a few decades ago. This illness is across the US and is present in every culture. People are now aware and understand how the illness can be devastating to one’s life. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder of the brain but it is highly treatable. In the US the total amount of people affected with the illness is about 2.2 % of the adult population. The average number of people affected per 1000 total population is 7.2 % per 1000, which means a city thatRead MoreWhat Is Schizophrenia?1499 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Schizophrenia? The study of schizophrenia dates back to the early 1800’s, when a guy by the name of John Haslam published a book called â€Å"Observations of Insanity†. In his book he goes into detail about the case studies or patents that show symptoms that we could categorize as schizophrenia disorder (John Haslam). By the end of the 19th Century the concept of schizophrenia was made known by a German psychiatrist by the name of Emil Krapelin. He basically took what he learned from HaslamRead More Schizophrenia Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects about one percent of the population. Generally if you have schizophrenia you cut out of contact with real world reality. The word Schizophrenia is Greek for â€Å"split mind†. It is common belief that a person with schizophrenia or a â€Å"schizo† has a split personality, but actually the person’s thinking, feelings, and behavior are so far from normal that they get to th e point where they interfere with their ability to function in everyday life. People whoRead MoreAbnormality and Schizophrenia1532 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Mathers et al., (1996) â€Å"Schizophrenia ranks among the top ten causes of disability worldwide and affects one in one hundred people at some point in their lives.† (Cardwell and Flanagan, 2012). Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder which is commonly diagnosed in 15-30 year old individuals. It disrupts a person’s cognition, perceptions and emotions, making it extremely difficult to diagnose. Bleuler (1911) introduced the term schizophrenia, which translates as ‘split-mind’ or ‘dividedRead MoreSchizophrenia Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesIt has been widely accepted that schizophrenia has a genetic component, with the relative lifetime risk of schizophrenia being reported at around 0.3-0.7% (McGath et al, 2008) although some studies have shown this to be much higher at around 3.5 % (Pedersen et al, 2014). Studies have shown the risk of relatives developing schizophrenia is correlated with the percentage of shared genes (Tsuang, 2000). Twin studies have been utilised to reveal a genetic component, as monozygotic (MZ) twins share 100%Read MoreSchizophrenia Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pagesis schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by irrational thought processes. A person dealing with this debilitating illness may think that people are going to kill them, or kidnap them. Some Schizophrenics often have â€Å"voices† in their heads telling them what to do. In some cases this has caused people to take their lives or try to. Schizophrenia is everywhere you look. Out of one hundred thousand people at least one hundred and fifty people have schizophrenia. Like

Research And Development ( R D ) - 1809 Words

Research and Development (RD) Innovation is the process by which organizations use their resources and competencies to develop new or improved goods and services or to develop new production and operating systems so that they can better respond to the needs of their customers. Innovation can result in brilliant success for an organization. Apple’s ipod has changed not only the music listening industry but also music purchasing and now they are moving into the mobile phone industry. Research and development (RD) rests in the notion that innovation begins with an act of scientific research or discovery (Laestadius 2003). Many large firms generate and develop innovative ideas through formal research and development units. Although†¦show more content†¦Quantum innovations are likely to cause major change sin an environment and to increase uncertainty because they force an organization to change the way they do business. Incremental technological change represents a refinement of some base technology. Incremental innovation refers to products or operating systems that incorporate those refinements. The evolution of Intel’s chip over time represents incremental innovation. The introduction of quality management systems to auto manufacturing are examples of incremental innovation. They improved the quality of cars and forced manufacturers to make incremental changes in response to a new competitive environment. There is a major focus in incremental innovation in today’s business place. Companies are developing new methods to determine how consumers use their products to determine everything from minor to major adjustments, add-on products or design elements to further entice the consumer to purchase. As you might expect, quantum innovation is relatively rare. Every once in a while an innovation appears that commands the attention of an industry. These innovations create a cost or quality advantage that shakes the foundation of their business. When this type of innovation occurs, it usually sets off a period of intense competition among companies in an industry to develop a design that will become the dominant model which others will copy. After the development of aShow MoreRelatedResearch And Development Of R D1494 Words   |  6 Pageswell as research and development. He has the skills needed to developing a proper vision for this organization. His previous roles as a leader of interdisciplinary teams and previous manufacturing experience will allow him to succeed in this role. Jordan Braun, Co-founder and VP of RD: Mr. Braun has plenty of experience with design work and developing engineering solutions in the medical device industry. His years of experience in RD makes him a great fit for overseeing the research and developmentRead MoreResearch And Development ( R D ) And Acquisitions1608 Words   |  7 PagesResearch and development (RD) and acquisitions are a firm’s core areas for innovation, which sets the stage for its ability to compete in the market based on what cutting edge technology or ideas the company has gathered. Accordingly, globalization and increased competition has led companies to become more efficient and reevaluate whether to outsource RD or to innovate in-house. When opting to outsource, companies should look at their organization at a functional level, and identify the processesRead MoreR D : Business Strategy1320 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding and importance of RD, business strategy and their links. Organizations discover it progressively hard to meet their development targets and should search for new arrangements that can bring them extra income. 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Financial Risk Management Enterprise Risk Management

Question: Describe about the Financial Risk Management for Enterprise Risk Management. Answer: Company overview Our focus company will be Allianz Malaysia Berhad. The company is part of a large organization group known as Allianz located in Germany. First established in Germany in 1890 the firm has expanded greatly with over 148,000 employees globally. The firm is proud to serve close to 83 million customers globally in 70 countries. It first establishment in Malaysia was in 2001 when it became the controlling shareholder of Allianz General Insurance Malaysia Berhad (AGIM). In 2007, they transferred their business to Allianz General. After the completion of transfers of general insurance business, AGIM changed its name to Allianz Malaysia Berhad (AMB). Currently, the firm is recognized as one of the prominent general insurers in Malaysia. It is also widely known for its broad spectrum of services it offers such as personal lines, motor insurance, and small to medium enterprise and large industrial risk. The firm is also credited of it provision of comprehensive range of life and health insurance, their investments are also linked to products and it has been regarded as one of the growing life insurers firms in Malaysia. With over 30 branches across different cities nationwide, the firm distinguishes itself as most trusted provider of financial services, thus suiting the lifetime needs of most Malaysians, as well as play the role of responsible corporate citizen. Risk exposures Just like any other insurance organization, AMB suffers from different risks due to their daily operations. Hence, this means that they should be able to manage the risks that are insured by exclusion of certain types of coverages taken from a policy. In this case, we will discuss some of the risk that AMB faces in their daily operations. Perils- refers to the policy coverage for individuals automobile, life, home or health insure against losses. Hence, a peril is perceived to be an event that has a potential cause of harm or loss. AMB have different perils for different types of policies. For instance, the peril for an automobile includes theft and vandalism (Wu Olson, 2015). For homeowners, the issuance of perils by AMB is against wind, storms or fire. The firm also protects people from health related perils such as heart attack. Hence, this means that AMB is likely to suffer from personal or property loss exposure. As a result, this tends to mean that failure by AMB to effectively categorize this exposure they may suffer losses because the occurrence of insured events are catastrophic or accidental. Distribution of loss also serves as a risk exposure. AMB as an insurance firm needs to calculate the amount and type of risk to insure meaning they should effectively understand the distribution of losses. Failure to quantify the losses may lead to a specific period known as frequency loss. In addition, failure to quantify the loss leads to them suffering from severity of losses. Loss severity refers to the typical amount that an insurer pays out from a benefit or even a claim (Olson, 2008). Hence, this means that AMB needs to effectively quantify the severity of the insured policy before accepting to insure the asset or individual otherwise they are under the context of suffering from huge losses when claims are made. Volatility is also a risk that AMB is exposed to. By definition, volatility is referred to as the amount of uncertainty size of changes when it comes to security value. Therefore, the higher the volatility means the greater the security value can be easily spread out over a large range of value. Whereas, low volatility means that security doesnt fluctuate dramatically but changes value as pace progresses over a period of time. Therefore, in any instance where there is aggregate variance amounts it is likely that there would be an increase in non-dependence of risk which may not be good for business because of its risks. AMB as an insurance company primary objective is mainly to pay claims and to maintain that they get some profits. Hence, this can be achievable only accomplishment of certain types of business insuring. But, in our case AMB provides health covers which include heart attacks or accident covers on vehicles. Hence, this means that AMB are under the voyage of suffering from the risk of claims, as more claims in a short period may affect the business negatively. Uncertainty also tends to be a risk that affects AMB policy setting. By definition, uncertainty refers to the inability to predict the future. Therefore, the presence of uncertainties brought about by different catastrophic such as nature tend to affect possible deviations being projected (Batten et al, 2013). In this case, AMB suffers from two general insurer uncertainties. (1) Uncertainty as to outcome that has already been written (2) uncertainty in pertinence with the premiums that the insurer needs for charging the future to as to achieve their financial objective. Therefore, such risks of uncertainties need to be effectively observed. Tools to measure the risk Hampton (2011) legislates that there is need of them carrying out a thorough evaluation on insured property before they actually calculate the total premium rates. Hence, this tend to enable them assess their risk exposures. As a result, they use the Moody risk analysis to set their data so that they can easily segment their potential consumers behaviors. The moody risk methodology tends to be effective as it informs their rating process, supports their fundamental analysis and also impacts greatly on their business decisions and future financial health. The use of verified data developed by insurance underwriters also tend to have a greater effect this is because AMB as an insurer is covered from any potential exposure claims which results to large payouts (Hirreff, 2008). Recommendation of the best strategies that should be used by AMB Paying valid claims efficiently- payment of valid claims may seem simple, but it tends to involve more that the obvious. Therefore, AMB needs to have the essential technology as well as training staffs. They also need to price their risk in an accurate and fair manner. Take the example of an insurer underpricing it is likely that he will go out of business. Hence, insurers should pay valid claims efficiently by keeping the cost down (Porteous, 2006). Hence, this means that premiums should be calculated by account for both risks and operation cost for provision of the policy. Strategic philanthropy- this involves partnering with organizations in community for mutual benefit purposes. Therefore, this type of corporate giving not only does it impact the community but also benefit the stakeholders in the business (Briss Varenne, 2001). As a result, there will be a reduction on personal or property exposure. Climate change leadership- for insurers, the big part of risk reduction involves the environment. Therefore, as a method of lowering the risk they should consider hedging the financial risk exposures as this lowers their viability of being prone to risks. References Wu, D. D., Olson, D. L. (2015).Enterprise risk management in finance. Hampton, J. J. (2011).The AMA handbook of financial risk management. New York, American Management Association. Olson, D. L., WU, D. (2008).New frontiers in enterprise risk management. Berlin, Springer. Choi, J. J., Powers, M. R. (2002).Global risk management: financial, operational, and insurance strategies. Boston, JAI/Elsevier Science. Walker, R. (2013).Winning with risk management. Singapore, World Scientific Pub. Briys, E., Varenne, F. D. (2001).Insurance: from underwriting to derivatives : asset liability management in insurance companies. Chichester [England], John Wiley. Hirreff, D. (2004).Dealing with financial risk. London, Economist. Porteous, B. T., Tapadar, P. (2006).Economic capital and financial risk management for financial services firms and conglomerates. Hounds, Basingstoke, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan. Batten, J., Mackay, P., Wagner, N. F. (2013).Advances in financial risk management: corporates, intermediaries and portfolios. Allianz Malaysia Berhad, (AMB) (2015). Allianz Malaysia Berhad annual report.